Software Testing Knowledge

Application Consultant working as a Tech Writer


[https://www.linkedin.com/in/dominikdurejko/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/dominikdurejko/)

Dominik Szahidewicz

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]



Software development and testing have come a long way, with a constant emphasis on speed and efficiency. One technique that has gained significant traction in recent years is **Parallel Testing**. 

This automated testing process allows developers to **run multiple test cases simultaneously** across various real device combinations and browser configurations, thereby distributing tests across available resources. 

In this article, we will explore what Parallel Testing is, when to use it, its advantages and limitations, automation possibilities, testing tools, best practices, and an example of a successful Parallel Testing implementation.

## What is Parallel Testing?

Parallel Testing is a software testing approach that involves running multiple test cases simultaneously across different environments, devices, or platforms. Instead of executing tests sequentially, where each test waits for the previous one to finish, **Parallel Testing runs multiple tests concurrently**. 

This can significantly **reduce the overall test execution time **and help identify defects quickly, making it an attractive option for agile and time-sensitive projects.

## When to use Parallel Testing?

Parallel Testing is best suited for scenarios where there is a **large suite of test cases** that need to be executed regularly or when there are strict deadlines that require faster test feedback. Some specific situations where Parallel Testing can be highly beneficial include:

### Regression Testing

When new code changes are made, you can perform Parallel Testing with the existing regression test suite in parallel, **ensuring that no functionality is broken by the new code**. 

When conducting API [regression testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/everything-you-need-to-know-about-regression-testing/), parallel execution of test cases against different API endpoints or versions can accelerate the process of verifying backward compatibility and identifying potential issues with API changes.

### Browser Testing and Cross-Platform Testing

By executing automated test cases simultaneously on each platform, engineers can quickly identify any platform-specific bugs or inconsistencies.

### Load and Performance Testing

When conducting load and performance testing, running tests in parallel can simulate a larger user base and generate more accurate results.

### Mobile App Testing

With the vast array of mobile devices available, Parallel Testing can be employed to run test cases simultaneously on multiple devices, **improving test coverage and minimizing the testing cycle**. 

For applications that require testing in multiple languages and locales, parallel regression testing can be highly beneficial. Testers can simultaneously run test cases on different language configurations, ensuring that all localized content and functionality are accurate and error-free.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Parallel Testing vs Sequential Testing

The fundamental difference between Parallel Testing and Sequential Testing lies in the way test cases are executed:

- **Sequential Testing:** Test cases are executed one after the other, with each test waiting for the previous one to complete before starting.
- **Parallel Testing:** Multiple test cases are executed simultaneously, each in its own execution environment, without waiting for the others to finish.

While Sequential Testing is simple to implement, it can be **time-consuming**, especially when dealing with a large number of test cases. 

On the other hand, Parallel Testing offers the advantage of **speed and efficiency**, but it requires proper coordination and management of test environments.

## Advantages of Parallel Testing
- **Reduced Testing Time:** By running multiple tests simultaneously, Parallel Testing significantly reduces the time required to complete the entire test suite.
- **Faster Feedback Loop:** Early detection of defects allows developers to address issues promptly, leading to faster bug fixes and a shorter development cycle.
- **Increased Test Coverage:** With the ability to test on multiple devices, browsers, or platforms concurrently, Parallel Testing ensures broader test coverage, identifying potential issues across various environments.
- **Improved Resource Utilization:** Efficiently using available resources and parallelizing test execution can optimize hardware usage and infrastructure costs.
- **Scalability:** Parallel Testing is highly scalable, enabling teams to execute tests across multiple machines or in cloud-based environments.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Limitations of Parallel Testing

- **Complex Test Environment Setup:** Coordinating and managing multiple test environments can be challenging, especially when dealing with different configurations.
- **Synchronization Issues:** Certain test scenarios may require synchronization between tests, leading to complications in parallel execution.
- **Increased Resource Demand:** Running tests in parallel requires additional resources, and without proper resource management, it can lead to contention issues.
- **Intermittent Failures:** Parallel Testing may result in intermittent test failures, making it crucial to identify the root cause and differentiate between genuine issues and environmental constraints.


## Tools for Parallel Testing

To implement Parallel Testing successfully, you can leverage various testing frameworks and tools. One such powerful tool is [BugBug](https://bugbug.io/), which offers **excellent support for running tests in parallel mode**. 

BugBug's [parallel testing](https://docs.bugbug.io/running-tests/parallel-mode) capabilities allow you to distribute test cases across multiple instances, significantly **reducing test execution time and providing quick feedback** on code changes. 

![Parallel Testing with BugBug](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/parallel_testing_bugbug_be010cfea7.png)

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Best Practices for Efficient Parallel Testing

To ensure successful implementation of Parallel Testing, you should follow these best practices:

1. **Test Case Independence:** Ensure that test cases are independent of each other to avoid conflicts during parallel execution.
2. **Environment Isolation:** Isolate test environments to prevent interference between tests running in parallel.
3. **Resource Management: **Efficiently manage resources to avoid overloading machines and infrastructure.
4. **Error Reporting and Analysis:** Implement robust reporting and analysis mechanisms to identify and address intermittent failures effectively.
5. **Continuous Integration (CI):** Integrate Parallel Testing into the CI/CD pipeline to automate testing and improve overall release efficiency.


## Example of Successful Parallel Testing

Let's consider a scenario where a software development team is working on a web application that needs to be tested across multiple browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Opera and Safari) and operating systems (Windows and macOS). 

By running Parallel Testing, the team can execute the same test cases **simultaneously on all browser and OS combinations**. As a result, the team quickly identifies browser-specific issues and ensures consistent performance and functionality across different platforms.

## Conclusion

**Parallel Testing is a powerful approach** that enables software testers to run multiple tests with less time, increase test coverage, and improve overall efficiency. It is particularly valuable for regression testing, cross-browser testing, and performance testing. 

However, you should be mindful of the complexities associated with managing test environments and resources. By following best practices and utilizing tools like **BugBug and Selenium** for parallel test execution, you can enhance testing processes and deliver high-quality software in shorter development cycles.

Happy (automated) testing!




Parallel Testing: A Guide for Software Testers

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Software testing is a crucial aspect of the software development life cycle, ensuring that applications meet the desired requirements and function correctly. Among the various testing methodologies available, one approach that has gained significant popularity is Atomic Test Cases. This comprehensive guide will explore the concept, differences from [end-to-end automation](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/what-is-end-to-end-testing/), the advantages they offer, provide test ui automation examples, and present best practices for managing them.

## What is an Atomic Test Case?

The term "atomic" emphasizes **the small and independent nature of these tests**, where each test validates the behavior of a specific unit or functionality without relying on external dependencies or interactions with other units. This approach focuses on testing a single feature, small, and discrete functionality of a software application.

The objective is **to thoroughly validate the behavior and correctness of a particular feature or function**. Unlike other testing methodologies that might involve testing multiple functionalities simultaneously. Having two assertions in a test can be beneficial, especially when you need to check multiple properties of an object simultaneously. 

This situation often arises when an object has two or more related properties. By including multiple assertions in the same test, you can ensure that all the relevant properties are properly validated, providing a more comprehensive and efficient testing approach. 

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## When to Create Atomic Test?

### Unit Testing

Unit tests focus on validating the functionality of a single unit in isolation, making them inherently atomic.

### Isolated Functionality

By keeping the scope of the test limited to a single feature, you can better identify and address any issues that arise. When an atomic test fails, it won't hinder the testing of other functionalities. For example, if the mentioned test fails at the third step, it might prevent you from proceeding to test the blog page or the search functionality. In such cases, if you don't have other tests to check these functionalities independently, your coverage will be reduced due to non-atomic tests.

### Independent Test Cases

Atomic tests are particularly useful when you want each test to be independent of one another. Each test should be self-contained and not rely on the success or failure of other tests. This helps in maintaining test stability and allows for [parallel test execution](https://docs.bugbug.io/running-tests/parallel-mode). 

The failure of an atomic test is limited to the specific functionality being tested. It doesn't impact the testing of other functionalities within the application. This is because atomic tests are designed to focus on isolated units or features, ensuring that issues are identified precisely and resolved efficiently.

### Precise Defect Identification

If you need to pinpoint the exact source of defects, atomic tests are invaluable. Since atomic tests focus on specific functionalities, any failure will directly indicate the problematic area, making debugging and fixing easier.

### Regression Testing

For [regression testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/everything-you-need-to-know-about-regression-testing/), where you need to ensure that changes or bug fixes do not introduce new issues, atomic tests are beneficial. They allow you to verify the targeted functionalities quickly and efficiently after modifications.

### Fast Feedback Loop

Atomic tests enable a faster feedback loop as they are smaller and quicker to execute. This is especially helpful during development, where developers can receive rapid validation of their code changes.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Differences Between Atomic Test Cases and Other Methodologies


### Scope

**Atomic Testing focuses on testing a single, small, and discrete functionality** of a software application in isolation. The scope is limited to one unit or component of the application. Other methodologies, such as integration testing, system testing, and [end-to-end testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/unit-testing-vs-end-to-end-testing/), may have broader scopes. They involve testing multiple functionalities and interactions between different units or components.

### Dependencies

Writing atomic tests is designed to **run independently without relying on the success of other test cases** or external factors. They are self-contained and isolated. In contrast, other testing methodologies may have dependencies on the successful execution of previous cases or the availability of specific resources. They might require interactions between multiple components to assess the overall system behavior.

### Granularity

Atomic approach to testing is **highly granular and specific**, focusing on minute details of a particular functionality. They aim to test individual units thoroughly. Other methodologies may have coarser cases that cover broader functionalities or interactions between multiple components. They might not delve into the fine-grained details of each unit.

### Test Environment

Automated atomic tests often utilize a **controlled test environment where external factors are minimized** or simulated. The environment is tailored to focus solely on the functionality being tested. Other methodologies may require more complex and real-world-like test environments to assess how different components interact under various conditions.

### Objectives

The primary is to thoroughly validate the behavior and correctness of a specific feature or function. They aim to identify defects and issues specific to that functionality. Other methodologies have broader objectives, which may include assessing overall **system performance, integration between components, and user experience** across the entire application.

### Test Coverage

Atomic cases encourage comprehensive testing of each functionality in isolation, ensuring that **no aspect of the unit goes untested**. Other methodologies may focus on achieving test coverage across different levels of the application, considering how various components interact and behave together.

## Advantages of Atomic Tests

1. **Enhanced Bug Identification:** In this approach you can excel at locating defects at the unit level. This precision helps in quickly identifying and rectifying issues, resulting in higher software quality.
2. **Isolation of Issues: **By focusing on one functionality at a time the tester can isolate issues. This makes debugging and fixing problems more efficient.
3. **Easier Maintenance:** Atomic Tests are smaller and more manageable, making them easier to maintain and update when changes occur in the application.
4. **Faster Feedback Loop:** Running smaller and focused test steps can lead to a faster feedback loop and execution time, allowing developers to receive quick validation on their changes.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

### Check Login Functionality with Bugbug

We could verify that the **login functionality accepts valid credentials, rejects invalid ones, and handles error scenarios**. Removing login screens from tests to make them atomic can be achieved by using javascript session data or bypassing the login process through the UI interactions testing tool. BugBug tool gives us the opportunity to set independent test in few steps: 

1. Log in and create a new test on [bugbug.io](https://bugbug.io/)

![Login to BugBug](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/1_Login_9466de0d4a.png)

2. Enter the URL of the web app or website that you want to test

![Create new test in BugBug](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/2_New_Test_8674809880.png)


3. Click "Start recording" - if you installed the extension, the incognito Chrome browser window should appear

![URL test and record BugBug](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/2_3_URL_test_and_record_06b157d94a.png)

4. Carefully click the elements to navigate - each click will be recorded automatically


5. Create single test

If we want to check login functionality of the website we would be tempted to check every step of logging process:

**login to an admin panel --> check if the user exists --> enter the website**

However all those steps should be checked just in one test. You can't split them because one of the tests would need to wait until the first is finished. Independent end-to-end tests do not rely on their order and they have no dependencies between them.

**Simply create a single test with all of these steps, no dependencies, no problems.**

6. When you are ready with the test case click the Finish and close button in the overlay menu on the right

![BugBug test recorder](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/4_Recording_test_508bdb753d.png)


7. Now run the test to see if everything was correctly recorded

![Atomic test results BugBug](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/5_Test_results_afc63b6763.png)


![test passed BugBug](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6_Test_passed_d47ccc4acc.png)

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Best Practices for Atomic Test Case Management
- **Use descriptive names** that clearly indicate the functionality being tested.
- **Ensure Tests are concise** and address only one functionality to maintain clarity and simplicity.
- **Make sure each case can run independently** without dependencies on other ones or the order of execution.
- **Focus on high-priority functionalities** and critical code paths.
- **Continuously review and update** as the software evolves to reflect changes in functionality and requirements.
- **Automate test cases.** Whenever possible use automation tools to test data more efficiently.


## Conclusion

In summary, Atomic Testing offers a powerful testing approach by being extremely focused on individual functionalities in isolation. Its precision, independence, and targeted nature make them an effective means of identifying and resolving defects efficiently. You can enhance the overall quality of your software and deliver more robust and reliable applications to end-users. 


**Atomic Test Cases are highly focused, independent, and granular** test cases that target individual functionalities in isolation. They offer precision in defect identification and allow for thorough validation of specific features.


On the other hand, **other testing methodologies cover a broader scope**, involving interactions between multiple components, and may have dependencies on the success of other test cases or external factors. Each testing methodology has its strengths and use cases, and the choice of approach depends on the specific requirements of the software testing process.


Happy (automated) testing!


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Atomic Test Cases - the Ultimate Guide

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

In the ever-evolving landscape of the software development process, the demand for efficient and reliable testing methods has grown exponentially. [Automation Testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/test-automation-best-practices/), a specialized field within software testing, has emerged as a key solution to accelerate testing processes and ensure the delivery of high-quality software products. This article delves into the journey of becoming an Automated Test Engineer, offering insights into the essential skills, knowledge, and steps required to embark on this career path and increase your current salary. 

![automated test engineer meme](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/test_f6b5fa09f5.jpeg)


## Essential Steps to Embark on a Career as an Automation Test Engineer

Embarking on a new journey as a Test Automation Engineer is an achievable goal, and it all starts with a strong belief in your abilities. Determination and perseverance play a vital role in this journey. 


1. **Embrace the Possibility:** Believe in yourself and your potential to learn and excel. Nothing is beyond reach with determination and commitment.
2. **Switching to Automation Testing:** If you're currently working in manual testing, consider making a career switch to automation testing. This article will provide valuable insights to support your transition.
3. **Learning Test Automation:** Gather tips, techniques, and effective approaches to learning test automation. Based on real-time industry experience, we'll outline the key points to help you start your journey with confidence.
4. **Grasp Software Testing Concepts:** Understanding software testing concepts is essential. It includes knowledge of manual testing principles, technical knowledge, Agile methodology, Scrum framework, defect tracking tools, and test management tools.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Who is an Automation Tester?

An Automated Test Engineer is responsible for designing, developing test scripts to verify the functionality, performance, and reliability of software applications. Job description usually contains information on how to streamline the testing process, increase test coverage, and identify defects efficiently by automating repetitive testing tasks.


## What does an Automation Tester do?


Engineers work closely with the R&D team to create and maintain automation scripts. They utilize various test automation tools and frameworks to **write scripts, execute test cases, and report test results**. They identify scenarios that can be automated and collaborate with [manual testers](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/a-manual-tester-10-reasons-that-make-this-job-interesting/) to strategize test plans. Moreover, testers analyze results, investigate defects, and work with developers to resolve issues.


![automation tester meme](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Go_Kc_LFK_721fcd7384.jpeg)

## What are the responsibilities of an Automated Test Engineer?

The responsibilities of a Test Automation Engineer may include:

- Designing and developing automated test scripts based on [test cases](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/test-case-vs-test-scenario/).
- Executing test suites and analyzing test results.
- Identifying areas for test automation and collaborating with the team to create [an automation test plan](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/test-plan-template/).
- Integrating tests into the continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline.
- Maintaining and updating existing test scripts as the software evolves.
- Collaborating with developers and other stakeholders to ensure comprehensive test coverage.
- Identifying and reporting defects with clear steps to reproduce.
- Keeping up-to-date with industry trends and best practices in test automation.

## What skills do you need to be an Automated Test Engineer?

To develop into a successful Automated Test Engineer, you need to know and obtain following skills:

1. **Perfect Manual Testing Skills:** A strong foundation in testing principles and methodologies is crucial for understanding what to automate and how to design effective test cases.
2. **Understanding of Software Development Methodologies:** Familiarity with Agile, Scrum, or other methodologies is essential for collaborating with the development team and integrating testing into the development process seamlessly.
3. **Analytical and Problem-Solving Abilities:** Automation Testers need to think critically to identify test scenarios, troubleshoot issues, and design effective automated tests.
4. **Test Design and Execution:** Ability to design comprehensive test cases and execute them using test automation tools is a core skill for Automation Testers.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## How to become an Automation Tester?

Start by gaining a **strong understanding of testing principles and software development methodologies**. Acquire coding skills in languages like Python or Java, as automation involves writing and maintaining test scripts. Consider obtaining certifications such as ISTQB Certified Tester - Foundation Level and gaining practical experience through testing projects or internships. 


### Do you need an IT degree to be an Automation Tester?

While a bachelor's degree in IT or Computer Science can be advantageous, it is not always a strict requirement to be hired as a QA or a Tester. Please note that any successful engineer had entered the field through self-learning and hands-on experience. Demonstrating strong **technical skills and expertise in test automation through certifications and practical projects** can be equally valuable. 


### Software Automation Testing Certifications
Software Automation Certifications are recognized by the industry and can significantly boost your career prospects. Here are some popular software automation testing certifications:

- [**ISTQB Certified Tester Test Automation Engineer (CT-TAE)**](https://www.istqb.org/certifications/test-automation-engineer)

- **Selenium WebDriver Certification**

- **Cypress Certified Professional**


### Bootcamps and courses

A Bootcamp is an **intensive and focused training program** designed to impart specific skills or knowledge in a short period. Before enrolling in any bootcamp, ensure that the curriculum aligns with your learning goals, check for hands-on projects and practical exercises, and read reviews or testimonials from past participants. 

Additionally, verify if the bootcamp provides any **certification or support with job placement** to further enhance your learning experience and career prospects. Udemy and Coursera offer variety of courses where you'll learn different tools and skills which will facilitate a new career path.


## Does an Automation Tester need Coding skills?
While they may not have to be proficient in programming, a good **understanding of at least one programming language is essential** for writing and maintaining scripts effectively. Python and Java are commonly used languages for testing, but other languages like JavaScript or C# can also be relevant depending on the tools and frameworks being used. 


->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Knowledge of test automation tools
Choosing the right tool is crucial for success. The selection process should be based on several factors that align with your project requirements, team's expertise, and the specific technologies involved. As practices in the IT sector continue to shift towards Agile, DevOps, and continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD), the demand for faster, more efficient testing has grown exponentially. 


## Conclusion

To embark on a career as an Automation Tester, begin by developing a solid grasp of manual testing principles. **Acquire proficiency in at least one of the programming languages** like Python or Java, as automation entails scripting and test maintenance. Pursue certified courses and gain hands-on experience through projects or internships. **Stay up-to-date with the latest test automation tools and techniques** to excel in the field.


Happy (automated) testing!

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How to Become Automated Test Engineer? 

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]


When developing an application, one of the first decisions to make is which testing strategy to employ. Two commonly used different testing strategies are unit and end-to-end testing. Understanding the differences between these two kinds of tests is essential in determining which one to use and minimizing the risk of test failure. It's key to being successful in designing a holistic testing strategy.

## Understanding Unit Testing

Unit testing is performed **during the development phase** and focuses on testing individual units of code. It is a form of white-box testing that requires knowledge of the internal workings of the code. **Unit tests are limited in scope and can only test a single code unit**, without considering interactions between different units.

### Definition of Unit Testing and its purpose

Unit testing is a software testing framework that focuses on verifying individual components. Its purpose is **to isolate and validate each unit's functionality**, ensuring they work correctly in isolation before integrating them into the larger system.

### Types of Unit Testing

There are different types of unit testing, including two main types:

- white-box testing
- black-box testing

White-box testing ensures examining the internal structure and code of the unit being tested, while black-box testing focuses on the unit's external behavior without considering its internal implementation.

### Key objectives and benefits of Unit Testing

The key objectives of unit testing are to:

- tests to verify and fix defects early in the development process
- ensure individual units meet their specifications
- improve code quality and maintainability
- provide a reliable foundation for integration and system testing


### How to write unit tests and when it's the best option?

Unit testing is best used throughout the software development lifecycle, starting from the initial development phase. It is particularly useful when working with complex or critical software systems, when introducing new features or making changes to existing code, and when working in a team environment where code integration is necessary.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

### Advantages and Limitations of Unit Testing

**Advantages:**

- detecting and fixing issues early
- providing faster feedback on code changes
- promoting modular and reusable code
- increasing confidence in the system's reliability

**Limitations:**

- inability to catch all types of bugs
- potential difficulty in testing certain types of code
- need for time and resources to write and maintain the tests.


### Tools

There are various tools available for unit testing in different programming languages, such as JUnit for Java, NUnit for .NET, and PyTest for Python. These tools provide frameworks and libraries that facilitate writing and executing unit tests, generating test reports, and automating the testing process.

### Example

Let's imagine a unit test case: a banking system. In unit testing, one could create test cases for individual units like a user login module, a balance inquiry function, and a transaction processing component. By isolating and testing these units separately, developers can ensure that each unit performs its intended functionality correctly before integrating them into the complete banking application.

## Understanding End-to-End Testing tests

[End to end testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/what-is-end-to-end-testing/) is a critical software testing methodology that **focuses on testing an entire application flow**, simulating real-world user scenarios. 

### Definition of e2e testing and its purpose

The end-to-end test method **aims to validate the interaction and communication between various components of the software system**, including user interfaces, backend systems, databases, and external services. By executing tests that replicate end-user actions, e2e testing ensures that the application functions as expected from start to finish.

### Types of e2e testing

There are different types of e2e testing techniques employed in software development.

- **Functional testing** verifies the application's functionality and behavior, ensuring that user actions produce the expected results.
- **Integration testing** focuses on testing the interaction between different components or systems to ensure seamless integration.
- **Workflow testing** validates the end-to-end flow of specific business processes within the application.


### Key objectives and benefits of e2e testing

The key objectives of e2e testing:

- identify and resolve issues that arise from the integration of various system components
- validate the application's compliance with requirements and specifications
- ensure smooth user experiences
- reduce the risk of critical failures in production 


### When to use e2e testing

End-to-end testing is **best utilized when the software system is in its final stages of development or before major releases**. It is particularly crucial for mission-critical applications, large-scale systems with multiple dependencies, and scenarios where the user's experience and satisfaction are paramount. Additionally, e2e testing is valuable when changes are made to critical functionalities or when testing complex business workflows.

### Advantages and Limitations of e2e testing

Advantages of e2e testing:

- ability to identify issues that may go unnoticed in unit testing
- comprehensive validation of the system's behavior
- improved confidence in the software's quality

However, e2e testing also has limitations, such as **increased complexity, longer execution times**, and the need for a robust test environment with realistic data.

### Tools

We can execute end-to-end tests with these popular tools: 

- [BugBug](https://bugbug.io/)
- Selenium
- Cypress
- TestCafe

These tools provide frameworks and libraries for writing automated tests, interacting with user interfaces, and validating application behavior across different browsers and platforms.

### Example

With an end-to-end test approach, we can create scenarios that simulate the entire user journey, including actions like navigating through product pages, adding items to the cart, proceeding to checkout, and making a purchase. By testing the entire flow, e2e testing ensures that each step of the user journey functions as expected, including UI interactions, data validation, and seamless integration with payment gateways. 

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

### API and end-to-end tests

In the context of end-to-end (e2e) testing, an API (Application Programming Interface) plays a crucial role in facilitating communication between different components of a software system. APIs allow software systems to interact and exchange data, enabling e2e tests to simulate real-world scenarios and validate the behavior of the entire application flow.

When conducting e2e testing, APIs are often utilized to perform actions such as sending requests, receiving responses, and manipulating data.

## What's the difference between Unit Testing and End-to-End Testing?

Unit testing focuses on testing individual units or components of a software system in isolation, using frameworks like JUnit or NUnit. End-to-end (e2e) testing, on the other hand, validates the entire application flow.


While unit testing operates at a lower level of abstraction, testing internal code behavior, e2e testing operates at a higher level, focusing on the application's end-user experience and the interaction between various components.


E2e manual testing is a software testing approach where testers manually execute test scenarios that replicate end-user interactions with the application. 

### Scope and focus of testing

Unit testing focuses on validating individual units or components of a software system, while e2e testing verifies the entire application flow from start to finish.

### Testing methodology

Unit testing involves isolating and testing individual units in isolation, typically using frameworks like JUnit or NUnit. E2e testing, on the other hand, involves testing the application as a whole, simulating real-world user scenarios, and often relying on tools like Selenium or Cypress.

### Type of testing

Unit testing primarily focuses on functional and internal code behavior, ensuring that each unit works correctly. E2e testing encompasses functional, integration, and workflow testing, validating the overall behavior and interaction of the application.

### Level of abstraction and granularity

Unit testing operates at a lower level of abstraction, testing code units, functions, or methods in isolation. E2e testing operates at a higher level, focusing on the application's end-user experience and the interaction between various components.

### Dependencies and isolation

Unit testing aims to isolate units, mocking or stubbing external dependencies to focus solely on the unit being tested. In contrast, e2e testing considers the integration and interaction of various components, including external services and databases.

### Test environment and test data

Unit testing often utilizes lightweight test environments and predefined test data to isolate units. E2e testing requires a more realistic test environment that replicates production conditions, including the use of real databases, external services, and representative test data.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Best Practices for Unit Testing

1. Test small, isolated units
2. Write clear and concise test cases
3. Automate unit tests 
4.  Prioritize code coverage
5.  Maintain test suites

## Best Practices for End-to-End Testing

**1. Identify critical user scenarios:** Prioritize and focus on testing the most important user scenarios to ensure that key functionalities are thoroughly tested.

**2. Create realistic test environments:** Set up test environments that closely resemble the production environment to ensure accurate simulation of real-world conditions.

**3. Use data-driven testing:** Implement data-driven testing techniques to cover a wide range of test cases and scenarios, allowing for better test coverage.

**4. Leverage automation tools:** Utilize automation tools and frameworks specific to e2e testing, such as Selenium or Cypress, to streamline the testing process and enhance test efficiency.

**5. Monitor performance and reliability:** Monitor system performance and reliability during e2e testing to identify any bottlenecks or issues that may impact the end-user experience.

### Which approach is better?

Both approaches have their own set of benefits and serve different purposes in the testing process. Ideally, a combination of both unit testing and e2e testing should be employed to achieve comprehensive software testing and quality assurance.

## Summary: Unit Testing vs End-to-End

Unit and end-to-end are two distinct forms of testing that serve different purposes. Unit tests focus on individual code units, aiding in early bug detection and code quality.

On the other hand, end-to-end tests validate the entire application from the user's perspective, ensuring correct functionality and business requirements. Both strategies should be considered and integrated into a comprehensive testing approach.


Happy (automated) testing! 

Unit Testing vs End-to-End Testing: Key Differences

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Software developer currently working as a tech writer and PM.  
[linkedin.com/in/marcin-%C5%82ojewski-a4191518/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/marcin-%C5%82ojewski-a4191518/)

Marcin Łojewski

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

Is there anything bugging you? Maybe those nasty little creatures creeping their way thru your beautiful code? Bugs, they call them, see? They are mean, hideous, odious and vile. (yes, we launched the synonym dictionary for that one). They live to damage your code, to make you lose time and effort and money. 

It is almost like playing hide and seek for money. 

Your money. It is time to take out the bug spray and go bug hunting. We bring you **10 tips how to discover bugs** in your app in a more effective and structured way.

## Navigation and links in your app

We start with one of the most annoying website bugs. From the perspective of the end-user that is. 

Picture this - you found an e-commerce store that sells those “stop bugging me” t-shirts you always wanted. You navigate to a button with a mailto link and you’d like to ask whether they can come in pink. You click the button and realize that it wants to send an e-mail to test@test.com. 

Your **navigation needs to be 100% functional.** Period. Whether we are talking about the menu, outgoing links, internal links or even anchor links, they all need to work. If not, why would you put it in the first place?

Luckily this is one of the most basic functionalities of test automation tools like [BugBug](https://bugbug.io/features/). You can put together a set of tests in a relatively short period of time. Run them whenever you like and react if the tests actually find a bug. 

## Is there a bug in my form?

Forms are tricky. In many cases they are a crucial piece of code and a common place where bugs in the code occur. From the software development perspective a form not only needs to send input values elsewhere. 

It also needs to be protected from sending unwanted content. And given the fact you can do that both from the front-end and the back-end point of view makes it a good place for a software bug to be. 

There is a wide range of use cases for a form. You want to login - a form, send something to the database - a form, create a user - a form. 

Forms are everywhere. 

It is crucial to find the bugs that might be located not only at the functionality layer but also in error message handling or the styling. That means that your form might have many types of software bugs at the same time.

**Debugging a form might be also handled with a test automation tool.** One of the most crucial things you need to prepare beforehand is a dataset. Dummy data of all sorts and sizes will allow you to thoroughly check both the functionality and security of your forms.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## C is for Cookie

When we were kids, cookies were all positive. Chocolate chip cookies for desert and the blue guy from Sesame Street. Now the first thing that comes to mind are all the pop-ups, forms, checkboxes and legitimate interests. Adulthood sucks big time!

From the business and software engineering perspectives **cookie data and session data are rather important**.

Important enough to plan a specific testing phase just for them. You need to detect whether the cookie is deleted after the designated time or after clearing cache. 

Does the app stop the session when it needs to etc. This might not seem significant, but a buggy code might cause serious security risks for example if the logout process is handled incorrectly. 




## Find bugs in your HTML and CSS code

There are two entities in the Universe that go thru your HTML and CSS. First are developers, who laugh at the looks of your website's console. Others are search engine bots. The latter are rather significant since they detect incorrect code and can make your site difficult to find. We do not want that.

Although syntax errors in HTML and CSS rarely break the application, they may decrease the usability and accessibility. Make sure your code **complies with accessibility standards** (e.g., WCAG 2.0 or 2.1). Verify that all elements are keyboard-navigable and provide appropriate alt text for images.

Assess the performance impact of the HTML and CSS code on the web application's loading time. Optimize the code for faster rendering and minimize any unnecessary requests or redundant stylesheets.




## Business workflow - test if your software actually works

Remember our article on [test scenarios](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/test-case-vs-test-scenario/)? Here is when it comes in handy. In order to find bugs in code you need to leave your software tester experience behind for a moment. 

You have to become the user and just try to break the thing - meaning you have to consider negative scenarios as well. Good example is trying to buy "%" or "G" products in an e-shop. 

Try to think of a simple thing the user would like to do, not something difficult to reproduce - purchase an item, download a file and draw a path which he or she would use. 

Each step on the path would be a separate test case within the scenario. It is the **most natural way to find bugs** in software applications.  Those tests are easy to automate. While creating scenarios you end up with a bunch of cases that you might reuse in different ways in your tool.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Does it work the same on all browsers and devices?

That's a big one. Cross-browser and cross-device compatibility testing is something that is often ignored by less experienced teams or freelancers. In the era of responsive web design and "mobile first" approach it is easy enough to emulate mobile devices during the development process. 

Also the most popular testing tools have this functionality. It is wise to use it, since recently clients tend not to understand the "it works for me" excuse many generations of developers used. 

The best coverage can be obtained by **emulating multiple combinations of environments**. For example - web browser A and operating system A, web browser B and operating system A (specific brands ignored on purpose). And so on. 

You have to make sure your application is compatible with the most popular environments. Not only with the one your development team has been using forever.

There can be some hardcore examples here as well. Many years ago, while doing one of the first commercial projects ever, I hardcoded a few width values inside a div. It looked smashing on my monitor. When I presented it to the client, it was 150% of his screen. 

**BaDumTss.** So yes - every now and then you have to even consider monitors. 



## Security tests

Things are getting serious. As they always do with security. First of all, whatever user data you store and use, you must protect them like your dearest treasure. We have news flashing that websites have leaked user's passwords or credit card numbers on an almost weekly basis. 

**Don't be that person.**

You have to encrypt your database records, and do some preventive measures that would limit the severity of a potential unauthorized access.

Security testing is not limited to the user data. Some of the parts of your app may be available for authorized users. The same might happen for downloadable files. You have to test such matters like if the session is automatically killed after some time of inactivity or whether an SSL certificate is in place.



## Use all available resources

There is more into testing than just automation tools. Two of the biggest and most powerful resources are always there for you and they are free. We are talking about developer tools and logs. 

The former are located in most of the current web browsers (try pushing F12 while reading this and let the magic unveil itself). 

**4 core functionalities are:**

- Inspecting HTML, CSS elements and DOM structure
- Checking the browsers' console for errors, warnings or JS issues
- Analyzing network requests for delays, API failures etc.
- Utilize performance profiling tools to assess the application's speed, identify bottlenecks, and optimize resource usage

The latter provide insights into exceptions, crashes, or unexpected behaviors occurring during application execution. You should **monitor the logs on a regular basis.** If you are not a fan of browsing thousands and thousands of records, worry not - there are tools that will help you with that task.




## Regression testing

[Regression testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/everything-you-need-to-know-about-regression-testing/) is checking whether implementing changes to your software did not result in breaking something that worked before. They check whether your application regressed as you introduced new features, updates or patches. Assuming that a functionality that was created and tested will remain good forever is a common mistake. 

**Sometimes it might be a costly one as well.**

It is not that hard to execute regression testing. Especially with modern tools like BugBug. This type of testing is basically running the same tests on an iterative manner while adding some more after every new chunk of project's code is implemented.

It takes some effort to set it up, but it decreases with every iteration. 

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## We, the people!

Your team has been working on this app for what seems to be ages. Everybody claims to know it by heart already. You, as the QA, can foresee the outcome of every test case before it is written. Still - the app crashes every now and then. You ran out of ideas on how to test or break it, because your experience with the app limits your imagination. 

But there is the group of superheroes, who will always find a way - the users.

**Beta testing or crowdtesting** if you will, has been around for a while now. 99% of the apps in the world are created for a client. It does not need to be someone who will pay for it. But that client will have some needs and some requirements for the software. 

They are the most reliable source of test cases there is. 

Obviously a vast majority of them will follow the business scenarios as designed and will seldom find something not covered by tests. But there are these few. Every app has them - the seekers and the goofballs. 

The first will not go to sleep calmly unless they click every... single.. link... or button.. in your application. Those thorough ones will specify and describe the most deeply hidden bugs. 

**They are a gem!**

The second will cover bugs that you have never dreamt of testing. "Well I clicked here, disabled my microphone, a cat ran across my keyboard and I managed to buy minus three t-shirts". Sometimes it may be difficult to recreate such a test case, but do not underestimate the goofballs!


We hope you enjoyed our tips on how to find bugs in your code. Bug detection is elemental for your business. Every error in the software may cost you a lot of money, a lot of effort and a lot of image. 

Luckily you have at least 10 places where you can look for those mean beasts.


Happy (automated) testing!


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10 Tips on Finding Bugs in Your Code

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## What is a regression test anyway?

Regression testing will show you if you broke something in your code while fixing or creating something else. Remember this meme? 

![regression testing meme](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/e5cbcdbe_b3c8_45d9_9ca1_7aa277bebccf_69c3ee5cb1.jpeg)

That’s basically why regression testing is done within your web application or other piece of software. We believe there is a need for a professional explanation for this one. 

[Regression testing ](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/everything-you-need-to-know-about-regression-testing/)is a software testing method that aims to investigate and locate any possible flaws or bugs in software that has completed a development cycle. Regression testing is performed to find out whether your software has regressed (surprise, surprise) as you continue introducing new updates and bug fixes. Whenever a piece of software is changed in any way, new bugs might emerge and some of the older ones re-emerge.

Most often, regression testing process is performed immediately after introducing a new update, but it isn’t the only factor that might call for the test. If any software or hardware-related factor has changed, regression testing should be committed to find out whether everything performs as it has before the change.

## When is regression testing done and what to consider?

There are multiple factors to consider when you are planning regression tests. The test scope and test coverage (what will be tested), the priorities (if you have to limit yourself) or test environment. But in order to answer the “when” question you have to start with getting one piece of information. Do you handle your project in an agile way or the waterfall?

There is one big difference in planning the test and the future regression test automation. If you are an agile team, you can do regression tests in an iterative way and basically you can do those every sprint just after a chunk of code was released. It will take a bit more test cases to create but with proper automation the test coverage might be enormous.

For waterfall teams - yes you guys have to wait until the patch or update is completed to do regression testing. The big advantage though would be that your regression test suite will surely take place in a separate cycle in the life of the software. All eyes will be on you there. You sure love the spotlight, don’t you waterfall people? 🙂

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Why do teams perform regression testing?

It is more to that in this type of testing of web applications than detecting regression defects. Regression test cases are there to protect you from system instability. It helps to maintain the overall reliability and integrity of the software you have created. Regression testing of web applications is crucial to a good user experience. 

Regression testing ensures that your business runs smoothly, not only your code does. Detecting flaws before they reach the production environment is crucial to your image and incomes. Why would you create and promote an update or a patch that disables a different aspect of your software? You have to provide high quality products to the market. 

A proper testing team and the right regression testing tools are there to protect you. If your company creates games, or a simple CRUD app, the customer impact might be not that enormous. But trust us, within all organizations that develop software crucial to their users' existence or business (i.e. operating systems) there are dozens of hours used for regression testing.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 


## What to look for in an automated regression testing tools?

It is relatively easy to make a comparison article. 

The key to make it a good one is to give some reasoning behind your choices. We have prepared a few hints on what your checklist should include while browsing the web for an automated test tool for regression testing. 

One thing you need to understand beforehand - we stress it everywhere we can. Always think of your resources while preparing the checklist. We will not try to prove that a low-code tool is better than a full-code software. They are suitable for different teams and products. Let us actually start with that one.


### How much testing and coding experience does the automation testing tool require?

Nowadays you can fully complete test suites without writing a single line of code. Apart from reducing the time and money of the testing effort, that means that testing can be done by a member of non-technical personnel. 

Thanks to such solutions a Project Manager can test your software on a regular basis, provide feedback to the development team and launch bug fixing procedures. 

On the other hand you have the full-code tools that are perfect for bigger teams / products and more mature organizations. Those usually have a whole QA team whose job is to execute test cases. 

They have another important asset - such skilled engineers will already have their own favorite automation tool. It will make selection relatively easy - just check if it is able to perform necessary application testing in this case as well.




### Can you perform a manual test and an automated test by using the same tool?

Those fluent in the art of software testing already know that not all test cases can or should be automated. Those less fluent will get to know it eventually :) We discussed it many times before so trust our word on that one. 

If not all of your test cases will be automated, then you will need a tool for automated testing and for manual testing as well. Does it mean that you need to double your effort and search for two software testing tools? Luckily no. 

There are plenty of testing platforms on the market that will cover both bases for you at the same time. Why is it significant? Well… Money! You don’t have to spend twice as much time on looking for tools, your company saves 50% of the costs. Easy enough, isn’t it?




### Does the tool cover functional testing and the visual layer of your app?

From the business perspective the functionality is much more important than the way your software looks, right? Wrong!! Try telling the sentence above to the person in the UX department and watch his/her face change colors rapidly. Both aspects are equally important and there is more and more science in the design aspect nowadays. 

What does it mean to our testing tribe? Well in general it means doubling the testing effort. For such purposes we need tools for automated regression testing that will not only check whether the login form is still working after the latest update. We also need to verify if the blue “Submit” button is still blue. 

This is actually not that common in regression testing. People by rule assume that the visual layer remains intact after each iteration of updates. It means that regression testing is typically focused on the code or best case scenario on DOM operations. If you want to achieve better test coverage, you need to check the blueness of the blue button. Every time.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


### How does this testing solution handle test failures?

It does not matter what type of software testing you are performing. Whether it is web testing, API testing, end-to-end testing or what-have-you testing, the aim of testing is to fail. The question is, what happens after the test fails?

While browsing for a regression testing automation tool, always check the bug reporting feature. There are universal factors you have to consider - the speed, the efficiency, how easy it is to set up might be top 3. 

Others might be relevant to your needs - does that tool integrate with my communication? Can it send me an e-mail or a Slack message, when the bug occurs. Last but not least - is it readable for me? Can I easily track the malfunctioning code if I need to? All modern tools aim to satisfy the most demanding clients, but it will be your tool to use so it is your experience that matters. Not everyone else's.

We need to mention one last thing. What happens if the test fails, but it should not? The so-called “false failures” are a true pain. Back in the day dozens of hours were spent on looking for bugs that were not there. 

The tool of your choice will not be immune to that issue. No tool is. Some will give more false failures in the UI department, others will show them in the code. But while you are on your research quest, do verify what is the tool creators’ policy on tracking false failures.



### How flexible is that testing tool?

This is more a business aspect of test automation tool selection. You are looking for a perfect testing tool that will suit your needs and will enable you to pay only for what you actually use? We are sorry to say, but so is everyone else. The best way to have such a tool is to actually create one. 

Instead of looking for perfection, look for flexibility. First of all the quality and quantity of integrations you may perform. Does it fit your CI/CD process? If you need a test environment, does it have one? Does it allow changing the number of tests within a subscription? You can have a gazillion questions like that.

After you perform the “what?” analysis, you have to do the “how much?”. The most flexible ones can prepare a tailor made offer just for you. Such flexibility is only one question away from you.


->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 

## 5 best regression testing tools for a web application

Selecting a regression testing tool is not an easy feat. We assembled a list of 5 top regression testing tools for web applications.

### BugBug

BugBug is a testing tool that allows users to automate functional and regression testing (among others of course). Its very intuitive UI plus a broad scope of functionalities does lower the bar for end-to-end testers or tester wannabes. 

![bugbug test automation tool](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_hero_6311352790.png)

From the business perspective, the low-code approach helps to create automated scripts in less time and effort than the competitors. On top of that we have the whole fully functional (for free if used locally!) recording interface that enables you to record new steps midway thru your testing suite.

It has all the bases covered by having the following functionalities:

- Test recording and replaying
- Intelligent autoscrolling and real clicks simulation
- Test monitoring
- Public API and CD/CI integration
- Plus many other tools to enable the users testing success and cost saving

Let’s come back to the checklist we put above. Does it require much technical skills to start? Not really. The pro-user approach lowers the barrier for team members who are not necessarily qualified testers, but are obliged to create and perform web application testing. It is perfect for companies where people like [Product Managers](https://bugbug.io/solutions/test-automation-for-product-managers/) are fulfilling tester roles. 

How little skills does it take to start? Do check out the test recording feature. Just install a Chrome plugin, click out a test case for your web app and let BugBug do the work for you.

![BugBug test recorder](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_07_07_at_12_48_35_9495620fef.png)

BugBug is a test automation tool by design. We encouraged you to look for a regression testing tool that will allow manual testing as well. This software does the next best thing. You can set up and run individual test cases, re-run and re-record tests as well. 

If your tests need full or almost full test automation - BugBug is perfect. If you need a more manual approach, then it is almost perfect. 🙂

Does it perform UI and functional regression testing? Yes it does. You can easily set up regression scenarios in order to check both functional and visual aspects of your web application. No more browsing the console for HEX codes. 

Also we asked you to check the error handling. Thanks to multiple integration possibilities you can set up the full scale bug reporting. BugBug can send you all kinds of messages, and can be integrated into your CI/CD pipeline. Heck, we can even send you a message via a pigeon if you’d like to. (joke - we can’t). 

Last but not least, the flexibility. Regarding the finances - unless you want to use our cloud solution, [BugBug is free](https://bugbug.io/pricing/). There is no bigger flexibility than that, right? Whereas while speaking of functional flexibility, this tool allows to test across different technologies. Also do check our [documentation](https://docs.bugbug.io/), and find out if we have the right features for you.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

### Selenium

For many years the synonym of web application testing. This open source tool is still widely used across the testing universe. It easily integrates with multiple testing frameworks (JUnit for example) providing advanced reporting, test management, and parallel execution capabilities. It is a very mature product full of features and functionalities supported by a vast community. 

But.

It has a huge learning curve. This is a tool for testing pros. Those who learned to code with a pencil and a piece of paper. Imagine a person, who last left home to watch The Beatles in a live concert. You get the picture? 

Also Selenium lacks native built-in reporting functionalities. While it integrates well with various test frameworks that offer reporting features, generating detailed and customized reports may require additional configuration or customization. Nevertheless - still one of the most popular regression testing tools for big organizations. 




### TestComplete

This is also a rather popular choice. One of the most popular no-code tools to be honest. The list of features that it has is simply astonishing. Another huge asset is the cross-platform support. Web app, mobile app, desktop app - you name it. TestComplete will handle it. 

The creators did not forget about a proper set of integration possibilities. It also provides support for custom scripting and extensions, allowing you to enhance and customize your regression tests.

On the other hand there is the pricing. The license costs quite a sum. If you own a startup, or even create a "shelf application", you will definitely be discouraged when you enter the "pricing" subpage on their site. Unfortunately it is also said to have some performance issues. 

### Watir

Another open source tool for regression testing. It is designed in Ruby which might be both in the pros and the cons section. Ruby by rule is a powerful language, but not the most popular. If you do not like it, you might not fancy Watir at all. 

Watir supports multiple browsers. You can create regression tests for Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. This enables comprehensive regression testing of software across various browser environments.

It is almost impossible to use Watir standalone. It relies on WebDriver, which requires the installation and configuration of appropriate browser drivers for each browser. Managing these dependencies can add some complexity to the setup process.

### Katalon Studio

Last but not least we have Katalon Studio. It is a complete regression testing package. Katalon Studio provides a comprehensive suite of tools for test automation, including test case design, test execution, and result analysis. 

It offers a unified platform that covers all aspects of regression testing. It comes with cross-browser and cross-platform compatibility. There is nothing to complain about the amount of integrations as well.

Even though you may start testing without too much knowledge with Katalon Studio, the more sophisticated features might be hard for a beginner. It is easy to use, but difficult to master. 

While Katalon Studio promotes script reusability, sharing and reusing test scripts across different projects can sometimes be challenging. 

## Top regression testing tools - summary

We hope we were able to provide you some content which will help you in your research and selection. Not only will you find our proposal on  regression testing tools, but we managed to prepare a checklist on what to look for in those tools.


Happy (automated) testing!

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Reliable, modern end-to-end test automation tool that improves testers’ and developers’ work.


Before you release your product into the market, it is extremely important to properly test whether it’s functioning as intended. To do that, software developers utilize a variety of testing techniques that verify the software’s integrity. To thoroughly check their software from start to finish, developers implement **End-to-End testing**, often simply called **E2E** testing – an elaborate technique that mimics end user experience. 

There are many layers to End to End testing, as it is one of the most complex testing methods. This type of testing involves testing every part of your software that the end-user interacts with in any imaginable way.

With this guide, we want to show you the importance of E2E tests, as well as tell you precisely what they are, including a few specific examples.

**Also see:** if you're new to software automation, take a look at this [beginner's guide to automation with step-by-step screenshots](https://docs.bugbug.io/in-depth-guides/beginners-tutorial-to-automation-testing).

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

## What exactly is End-to-End testing?

**End-to-End testing** is one of the most useful and informative techniques for software testing, providing valuable data about the inner workings of the program from the end-user perspective. With E2E testing, developers can thoroughly verify the behaviour of their software. During the test, you will be trying to replicate key user behaviour scenarios when using your software. The actual list of things to do varies, depending on the type of software you’re testing – but in all cases, it is rather extensive.

When performing a software testing method, like an End-to-End test on a web application, you would start with opening your browser and navigating to the proper URL, and then proceeding to use the software as intended for the end-user.

Similarly, in the case of a regular desktop application or mobile application, you would open the app just like a user would, checking out every bit of functionality that is intended for the users to work with. Keep in mind that during E2E testing you won’t need to check developer-specific aspects of the software, only the end-user perspective if it is important to you.

## End-to-End test goals

During an E2E test, your goal is to verify all of the dependencies and data integrity that directly or indirectly influence the reception of the software by the end-user. This usually includes any external services, as well as databases used by the software and metrics, as well as any other system dependencies. 

E2E tests will ideally be performed in the production environment, but this isn’t always possible. The tests can, of course, be performed in an independent End-to-End testing environment, but you should make sure it is as close to the production environment as possible.

Within the SDLC process, E2E tests are performed in the Testing phase, which is situated after Coding and before Deployment. 
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Why is End-to-End testing important?

Is End-to-End testing necessary? It is true that more and more developers make sure to implement an E2E testing phase before the final deployment of their software. There are many benefits to E2E tests, but the most crucial ones are:

- The ability to verify software performance from the end-user perspective
- Testing verifies not only the software itself but also any interrelated sub systems, increasing test coverage
- Validation of back-end systems
- Immediate end-user-like feedback on test failing

While tests such as unit testing or integration testing are very useful (functional testing), allowing you to verify the working of each component and providing quick results, they don’t give you the whole picture. By not performing E2E tests, you won’t know how the experience of using your software will look like from the end-user perspective.

For example, individual component testing (integration tests) might show promising results and full functionality. However, when combined, something goes wrong and produces a bug. By only checking individual components, you wouldn’t be able to find out about the bug. 

With a proper End-to-End test, you can verify whether everything works correctly together as it should. Even integration testing doesn’t cover all of the system components of your software, and you might never know whether every aspect of your app clicks together.

E2E testing doesn’t necessarily have to discover bugs – it can also give you useful insight into the user scenario of your product. Overall, all types of tests play their respective roles in the whole vertical end-to-end testing process (differently to horizontal end-to-end tests). Just because E2E tests give you a more complex understanding of your software as a whole doesn’t mean that other test types are less valuable. 

Before releasing your app, always make sure to proceed with a thought-through testing strategy. However, while they’re certainly extremely useful, keep in mind that E2E tests occupy the top of the testing pyramid, making them the most expensive and most difficult to perform.

End-to-End testing is also one of the few functional types of tests that can be performed manually, as well as automated - which is done especially often in Continuous Integration. In such a scenario, a chosen set of tests can be run automatically each time a new iteration is uploaded to the testing server.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Benefits of end-to-end testing

One of the goals of this software testing technique is to simulate the end-user's perspective. This means that this type of testing helps to verify not only the security or performance, but the business aspect as well. It will check whether the software collects and processes data as it was designed to do. End-to-end testing is essential for a comprehensive validation of your product. This testing ensures that all integrated parts of the application work together as expected.

Another purpose of E2E testing is to mitigate risks. E2E testing verifies if the software is ready for deployment. The confidence in stability is a crucial factor which the stakeholders consider while approving the next release. 

There are obviously much more obvious benefits of this form of testing (like bug fixing or testing across different user scenarios), but we described them already in this article.

## End-to-End Testing Framework

Alright, so now you know what End-to-End testing is – but how to exactly implement it? There is a wide variety of checks and individual tests that must be covered by your end-to-end testing plan, some of which include:

- Establishing test requirements in the preparation phase (including software and hardware requirements)
- Creating proper documentation
- Deciding what type of test environment will be used (production environment or independent test environment)
- Preparation of test cases and general E2E design
- Tracking of data input and output
- Test execution and evaluation

When executing E2E testing methods, developers usually follow an established E2E testing framework that guides you throughout the process, enumerating various tasks and responsibilities. The framework is relatively simple and consists of only three elements:

### Establish user functions

The User Functions relates to listing the features of your software, as well as all of its interconnected software systems. To properly measure and test software functionality, you need to first think about what you’re going to test. After you’re finished with listing user functions, remember to record everything relevant to each of them, including both the input and output data. Since E2E testing can be considered holistic, you also need to pay attention to all of the relations between every individual function – how they work together and whether there are any clashes.

### Come up with specific conditions

Now that you have established the user functions you’re going to test, you need to think about the testing conditions. Try to come up with as many quantifiable indicators that can be measured for each of the functions. These can range from response time to consistency of data flow, to simple convenience of use. Remember – you’re trying to imagine yourself as an end-user, so try to keep track of anything that might be an issue for a non-developer.

### Create individual test cases

Finally, before the E2E testing can commence, you need to prepare specific test cases for each of the conditions. At this point, you have prepared a list of user functions to test, as well as data conditions that will be measured during the test. Now, you need to create at least one test case for each of the conditions. By test cases, we mean user scenarios during which specific indicators will be able to be measured.

And by test case preparation status, we mean the precise location of the test instances being developed, as compared to intended test cases.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## End-to-end test cases for your testing process

Congratulations, you’ve almost reached the end! At this point, you should pretty much be a walking fountain of knowledge about End-to-End tests. However, the raw theory is one thing, and implementing those types of tests for system testing in reality is another. To make the process a bit more digestible, consider this End-to-End testing example for a website with shopping functionality:

- Go to the specified URL
- Open a list of products
- Check whether the information on the list correlates with specific product pages
- Try to add the product to the cart and look for visible confirmation
- Navigate to the cart and check whether the product has been successfully added
- Double-check all of the relevant information (price, product info, etc.)
- Proceed with the check-out and verify payment options integration

See how simple it is in the end? Now you can implement E2E testing methodology in your software to ensure better end-user reception, increase your product quality, and build a positive brand image.

This is just a high level example. If you would like to learn how to create a proper test case from start to end, please check out our article on [test case creation](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/how-to-write-automation-test-cases/). You will have a better understanding on how to design test cases for manual and automatic testing. Also check out our other topics in our testing guide. 

## End to End testing tools

Proper tools may play a crucial role in reducing your effort by automating your end-to-end tests. These tools provide a range of features and capabilities to support horizontal testing and vertical testing of the entire system. They allow testers to perform comprehensive testing processes. Choosing a proper tool for testing is typically a long-term investment. If you research and choose a tool that will enable you to execute and record complex user scenarios and allow testing across multiple technologies, your job will be way easier. 

One of the tools that meet such requirements is BugBug. This automated testing tool proved its efficiency for many clients. On the picture below you might see how many steps might an end-to-end scenario actually have.

![n example of a passed test with a proper output statement.](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/88bc1d9e_16f8_4e1a_b33d_15e2a8d17cdf_cdfc84abfc.webp)

## Summary

End-to-end testing is a type of testing that focuses on validating the whole system from start to finish rather then testing individual functionalities. It is often seen as a software testing methodology, but it is not the case. It may be a part of a methodology (i.e. Agile testing) but it is by definition a type of software testing. 

Performing end-to-end testing covers an important task of checking data flows and focuses on testing if any functional gaps occur. This type of testing is necessary to verify if the software is ready for the next release cycle.

## Frequently Asked Questions

1. **What is automated testing?** \
Automated testing in software development is a form of software testing that uses the execution of predefined sets of operations to probe and validate the software system. The fundamental purpose of automation testing in software development is to generate objective feedback about the quality of the product. One such testing tool is Selenium. It can run UI tests. The ideal situation is to run E2E tests with both manual testing and automated testing approaches. If your application has a lot of complicated user interfaces, you'll need more end-to-end testing.

2. **What is software development lifecycle?** \
Software development lifecycle (SDLC) is the process used by developers to create, deploy and maintain software. This process includes several steps that are all closely connected with one another. These steps include requirements gathering, analysis and design, coding and testing.

3. **What is a testing pyramid?** \
In software development projects, we have limited time and resources. This is why it's important to consider our test efforts carefully and find the right balance between different types of testing. Basically, there are 3 layers in the testing pyramid: Unit Tests, Integration Tests, and E2E Tests.

3. **What is a selector?** \
A selector is a small piece of code that describes a specific button in your app. It allows you to clearly define what should be clicked in automated end-to-end tests. You can learn more about selectors using [this interactive XPath learning tool](https://bugbug.io/xpath-selector-builder/?ref=blogarticle)



Happy (automated) testing!


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Professional Quality Evangelist, experienced in testing web and mobile applications.  
[linkedin.com/in/kinga-witko-b5bba659/](https://linkedin.com/in/kinga-witko-b5bba659/)

Kinga Witko

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

The term “shift left” expresses movement. It can describe the movement of an entire team or individuals.
What does it do in a project or an entire development lifecycle? Putting it simply,  it reflects the position of testing on a timeline. 

**Shift Left means testing earlier in the development process.** It also means repositioning the engagement, development, and testing efforts towards the customer.


Typically, in a traditional (waterfall) model of software making, testing lands at the end of the pipeline or is one of the last phases of the process. Bringing testing at the very last stage usually causes many problems such as:

- delays in the deployment
- a lot of bugs at the end of the development lifecycle
- bugs discovered just before or after the release to production
- lack of collaboration between developers and testers through the entire process.

Poor software quality is one of the most harmful consequences of all of these pains listed above.

At first, the team members do not communicate with each other and they fail to communicate the problems early. 

It must not necessarily be a bug; sometimes there is some issue with the application setup, there is no testing environment, access to certain resources (such as specific tooling or external software providers), the task description is vague, or the team setup is incorrect. 

If communicated and fixed earlier, the entire process can be smoother and cause less frustration in the team. It also encourages people to focus more on the code quality and to deliver earlier and faster.

Most of those issues can be avoided by changing the style of working and shifting testing efforts at the beginning of the process.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Agile way of working

If you care about the quality of your product, your mindset has probably shifted left already.

This approach is strongly connected with the agile way of thinking and using agile work methods in software projects.


In this setup, testing is an integrated part of the team and accelerates software development at higher quality. As a result, testers can identify bugs sooner, saving time and effort. Notably, the earlier you test, the less expensive bugs are to fix.


[T The Seven Testing Principles (ISTQB)](https://www.istqb.org/downloads/syllabi/foundation-level-syllabus.html) tell that testing everything is not possible unless a system or functionality is very simple. In practice, however,  the testing efforts should be targeted appropriately at the risk analysis, techniques, and bugs prioritization rather than be attempted thorough testing. 


One of the good methods of approaching testing strategy for a specific application can be the guideline from [Agile Testing Quadrants](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/agile-testing-quadrants/). The quadrants are a taxonomy to help teams plan the testing process and testing activities and make sure they have all the resources they need to accomplish it.


## Shift Left approach and DevOps and agile background

With the rise of the DevOps movement, there is an increased focus on delivering automated, continuous improvement. It holds true for development and testing alike.

What is more, Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Delivery (CD) are core software development disciplines integrated into the agile software development cycle. The point is to release fully-tested and stable builds early and as often as possible. Development, delivery, and test automation are crucial components of this process. 

## What it means to “Shift Left”

As mentioned at the beginning, Shift Left testing pushes testing to the “left”, to the earlier stages in the pipeline. This improves software quality and reduces time spent on resolving issues later in the pipeline.

Introducing testing early on the “left-side” of the development process, starting with unit tests and complementing with functional and integration tests is fundamental to making CI/CD happen. But that may not be enough.

The team can go even further: to eliminate unclear and contradicting requirements and improve the end-user experience, it is best to involve test engineers in the clarifying and prioritising application requirements. Test engineers can check the available or newly created requirements or user stories for clarity, consistency, testability, and traceability.

This also improves the shift towards client happiness. An early review of the requirements and spotting the flaws marks an early start of the communication with the end-user. 

The Shift Left approach introduces more care and thought exchange concerning the client. The team can be perceived as more proactive and more dedicated to the best quality standards of a project.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Benefits of Shift Left Testing for Agile and Devops teams

Agile teams benefit most from Shift Left Testing in terms of clearer specifications, smoother implementations, earlier testing, and reduced costs. However, Shift Right Testing has more benefits like the ability to incorporate user and system feedback based on real usage scenarios. 

In opposition to testing early, Shift Right can provide an additional context to the testing scenarios. Shifting right means testing at the end of the process, typically when the software is deployed to production (the post-production environment). 

It is performed by a group of experts or selected end-users. It can utilize testing methods such as API Monitoring, using Feature Toggles, or measuring the performance of a live application. 

This helps to understand the application better and discover some other flaws that could have been omitted earlier.

Nevertheless, when quality comes first:

- developers spend more time on coding because they discuss potentially good solutions - they do not investigate who pushes the code first into production without testing

- there are Unit Tests beside the application code, available and maintainable

- there is an infrastructure that allows testing before pushing to production, usually the entire team is responsible for the process health

- there is room for improvement and mistakes

- developers pair up to catch obvious errors on the fly and learn from one another

- teams estimate tasks together, taking quality and risks into account

- potential risks in the systems are spotted and minimized rather than left alone

And finally - the application is tested - not only by one automated or manual test  but by a set of different functional and non-functional scenarios. 

The tests are regularly reviewed, adjusted, and observed. This approach introduces a new way of working and highlights the value of testing.


## Benefits of the Shift-Left Testing approach

The idea of shift left testing is simple to understand but hard to implement in the development cycle. It is worth the effort though, especially when the team and the entire organization understands the main benefits of this approach, such as:

- Lower costs - as explained above, bugs detected earlier are less expensive to fix.

- Increased efficiency in the software development process.

- Improved product quality and reliability because more bugs are detected at earlier stages.

- Reduced time to market since the QA process covers the entire development cycle, not only its’ last phase.

- A competitive advantage gained by letting development teams move fast, build and defend their credibility by innovating in iterations.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Get started with “Shift Left” Testing in Agile

How to approach the change and switch to early software testing? Here is the basic list: 


1. **Plan**

Shape development in a way that is friendly to Shift Left testing. Once the requirements have been established, developers and testers should ideate how to shape the coding and software testing as early as possible. 


Depending on the product expectations as well as the limitations of the team, specific strategies, such as involving testers in the project since the planning phase or using the TDD approach, might have to be crafted to accommodate the Shift Left way of working.


2.** Review the requirements**

It is best to verify not only the existing code but also all the requirements necessary for the code to be written. Early verification can spot obvious mistakes.


3. **Use Static Code Analysis**

Static code analysis is the practice of checking the code without executing it. It runs through the basic code structure and ensures that the code is aligned with many standards and guidelines. By following the approach the team can early detect:

- Programming errors

- Violations of commonly followed coding standards

- Syntax anomalies

- Security issues

A static code analysis is best done via automation. The software should scan all untested codes in a project before it moves to the test phase.

4. **Collaborate**

As in any other [agile testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/agile-testing-organized-chaos-or-a-planned-way-of-improving-your-software/) technique - early software testing requires a lot of collaboration with the team: Developers, Product Managers, Business Analysts, and other stakeholders responsible for the overall product. 

Everybody needs to understand the value of the Shift Left approach and spot the difference after some time of the new process introduction because as a result, the client benefits from better software quality and receives a lovable product.

## Conclusion for Left Shift Testing in test automation

There are a number of benefits to left shift testing in test automation. One of the primary benefits is that it helps to identify defects earlier in the development cycle. This means that defects can be caught and addressed before they become more complex and costly to fix. In addition, left shift testing can help to reduce the overall time and effort required for testing by identifying and addressing issues earlier in the process.

Another benefit of left shift testing in test automation is that it can help to improve the quality of the software being developed. By identifying and addressing defects earlier in the process, developers can ensure that the software they are creating is of higher quality and meets the requirements of the end-users.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


One of the keys to successful left shift testing in test automation is to incorporate testing into the development process **from the very beginning**. This means that testing is not an afterthought or an additional step at the end of the development process, but rather an integral part of the development process itself. Test automation tools and frameworks can be used to automate testing activities and make it easier to incorporate testing into the development process.

It is also important to involve testers in the development process as early as possible. This allows them to provide feedback and identify potential issues before they become more complex and difficult to fix. Testers can also work with developers to ensure that the code being developed is testable, and that the testing process is efficient and effective.

Overall, **left shift testing is an important approach in test automation that can help to improve the quality of software, reduce testing time and effort, and identify defects earlier in the development process**. By incorporating testing into the development process from the very beginning, developers and testers can work together to create software that is of higher quality and meets the needs of the end-users.

Happy (automated) testing!

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Guides to Automation

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Testing Tools for Web Application - The Ultimate Guide 2023

Testing is an ever-present part of a software developer’s job, performed at every stage of the production process. There is a wide range of test types used for software testing, some performed at various points during production, and some performed after production to confirm that the software functions as intended.

Regression testing is performed on a product that has already been finished and released. How exactly is it performed? What are the objectives and how does the procedure look? If you’re keen to find out, keep on reading as we explain everything you should know about regression testing.

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

## The definition of Regression Testing

**Regression testing** is a software testing method that aims to investigate and locate any possible flaws or bugs in software that has already been fully developed. Regression Testing is performed to find out whether your software has regressed (surprise, surprise) as you continue introducing new updates and bug fixes. Whenever a piece of software is changed in any way, new bugs might emerge and some of the older ones re-emerge.

Most often, regression testing is performed immediately after introducing a new update, but it isn’t the only factor that might call for the test. If any software or hardware-related factor has changed, regression testing should be committed to find out whether everything performs as it has before the change. 

This can include any sort of bug fixes and software changes, but regression might also be caused by hardware configuration changes and electronic component degradation over time. Regression testing isn’t easy – it requires cooperation and diligence out of all of the team members, which makes it perfect for agile software development practices.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Regression Testing process

As with most testing efforts regression testing is an art rather than science. Let us describe the regression testing process that our development team uses. You may then use and adapt it to your existing test strategy. As regression testing is a type of testing that occurs whenever any change in your software occurs, the smartest way to start is to..

### Identify code changes

This will allow you to asses the number of test cases for regression testing that will need to be created. The testing team will need information on the impact that the current changes may have on the whole application. This is done also during this step.

### Prioritize changes

You finished step one with a list. Now you need to create a queue out of it. By proper prioritizing the changes in your software application you reduce the amount of time you will use on 

### Select for re-run

This is the part where the selection of test cases is performed. After the first test is done, test cases are categorized into reusable and obsolete ones. The reusable ones create a regression test suite. The others are will not be used for regression. 

### Categorize manual and automated regression test cases

Here is where the test automation actually begins. Test cases that occur more often within one process are perfect candidates to for the automation tool to do the work for you. If you want to automate tests in a fast and efficient way, try BugBug as your tool for regression testing. You will soon find out that it is great to reduce regression testing costs.

### Prioritize test cases

Here is where regression testing becomes a tad tricky. One would think, that the most often occurring test cases should have the biggest priority, right? Well the theory on that one is a tad different. The need for regression testing, therefor the priority, is the highest for those cases, that cover all essential features. The lowest on the other hand are stated as "technical complexities". 

### Plan and execute

This one is rather obvious, but we have to put it here. After doing all the analysis, you have to plan when regression testing is done and "push the execute button". 

## Regression Testing techniques

Regression testing can include various functional and non-functional tests in its process to thoroughly investigate the software in search of flaws. There are also many techniques with which developers and QA specialists perform regression testing, including:

- Retest All
- Regression Test Selection
- Test Case Prioritization
- Hybrid approach

### Retest All – an accurate yet expensive solution

**The Retest All ** technique is the most accurate and all-around method of regression testing, but it is also the most expensive one. In Retest All, every test case is checked again on the software to confirm if all of its parts are working as intended. That’s all there is to Retest All – it might be simple in definition, but it is definitely the hardest and most costly technique to actually perform.

### Regression Test Selection – when you realize you might not have enough for a Retest All

**Regression Test Selection** has been designed as a solution to the expensive nature of the Retest All technique. In RTS we don’t run all of the tests in our test suite, but instead we divide all of the tests into three categories – reusable test cases, retestable test cases, and obsolete test cases. In addition, RTS might actually create new test cases that haven’t been in the suite before, but might be relevant for regression tests.

If you’re interested in finding out more about regression testing examples, we recommend taking a look at Understanding Regression Testing Techniques by Gaurav Duggal and Bharti Suri. The authors further divide RTS techniques, naming two most important categories – coverage techniques and minimization techniques, and explain what are safe techniques.

**Coverage techniques** feature specific coverage criteria, often provided by the client who wants their software regression tested. These techniques sift through all test cases, selecting only the ones that are relevant for the covered parts of your software. **Minimization techniques** work in a way similar to coverage techniques, but instead of selecting cases based on set criteria, you select a minimum set of cases that you think will do the job.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

### Test Case Prioritization – a rational approach

**Test Case Prioritization** aims to maximize the rate of fault detection, creating the most thorough regression test for the lowest cost. First you prioritize the test cases one by one. Then all of them are performed in order, starting from the most important one and finishing on the least important one. Thanks to that, even if your resources aren’t enough to perform all of the tests in your suite, you will still perform the ones that should detect the most flaws.

**TSP** might be performed in two ways – the first one, called **General Prioritization**, selects test cases that should be effective (on average) on all versions of the software you’re working with. The other way, called Version Specific **Prioritization**, only takes into account a specific version of the software, without considering other existing or potential future versions.

### Hybrid approach – the best of both worlds

When choosing one technique of regression testing is impossible – why not combine the best features of Regression Test Selection and Test Case Prioritization? 

The hybrid approach is still being developed, and every researcher gives a personal spin on the idea. Since there isn’t an exact definition of what a hybrid approach actually is, there are tons of versions available – each one with its own upsides and downsides.

## Regression Testing tools

Regression testing ensures that each version of your software runs smoothly. We have described various regression testing techniques, but our article would not be complete without a few hints of what tool to use for proper test execution. 

Regression testing is used on an incremented basis. Each release of your software means building another layer of an already high pile of multiple regression test cases. A good tool will allow you to perform regression tests without writing a single line of code. 

If you want a specific list of tools, please redirect to our article [HERE](https://bugbug.io/blog/guides/testing-tools-for-web-application/).

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Disadvantages of regression testing

Well now that's a shocker isn't it? We have many articles on testing in the BugBug blog, and never have I ever wrote anything negative about testing. Until now. We found four "buts" on regression testing and we tried to tackle them immediately.

- "but regression testing is time consuming" - yes, but only if you only perform a manual test, this is why selecting a good testing tool is essential
- "but you have to do it after even the smallest patch" - yes, but this is why you build a good regression cycle. You store all the recurring tests and only build a few on top of them for that given patch. It is like CI/CD for your testing process
- "but that process might interfere with the sprint planning" - only if you do regression tests without automation. Think of it from a business perspective - would you have a task that goes cross-sprint or a large bug in the production environment?
- "but it is difficult, to write those test cases" - ah, an oldie but a goodie. There are great no-code regression testing tools. Those might be used not only by QA or other technical personnel but by a PM. Such a person would be even able to automate the test or record and recreate it. 

Regression testing is one of the key ways to have your code thoroughly checked and ready to start earning you money!

## Conclusion – is Regression Testing necessary?

As you have already learned, regression testing plays a key role in keeping the quality of your software as high as possible for as long as possible. Updates and changes to your software might introduce new problems, which is exactly why regression testing is so important – to keep user experience high throughout all iterations of your program.

Not all projects require regression testing, of course. In projects that are already finished and won’t be further updated, regression testing is mostly irrelevant. However, if you are planning to continue development further – never forget to properly regression test your software before releasing an update.


Happy (automated) testing!

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End-to-end testing made simple! BugBug is a new, more intuitive tool for test automation of web apps. Get all the benefits of test automation without hiring new people or infrastructure changes.

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              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">“Recording tests in BugBug works surprisingly well. I've tested various competing solutions, but none did as smoothly as BugBug.”</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Krzysztof Studniarek, Product Manager, BRAND24</div>
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            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__texts">
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">“In two days, we managed to automate test cases that took us weeks to write up and execute using other software. It is easy to use, yet can still perform advanced testing should the tester want to.”</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Panayiotis, Software Tester, ATM Marketing</div>
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              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">"BugBug is super intuitive and lowers the barrier of becoming an end-to-end tester. It reduces development time and significantly lowers the cost of software testing. "</div>
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<div class="cms-section">
      <div class="cms-wrapper">
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          <div class="cms-testimonials-item">
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              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">“Recording tests in BugBug works surprisingly well. I've tested various competing solutions, but none did as smoothly as BugBug.”</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Krzysztof Studniarek, Product Manager, BRAND24</div>
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            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__texts">
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">“In two days we managed to automate test cases that took us weeks to write up and execute using other software. It is easy to use, yet can still perform advanced testing should the tester want to.”</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Panayiotis, Software Tester, ATM Marketing</div>
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              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">"Very good and fast support from the BugBug team. Have clear documentation which really helps you to get started. Features like scheduling test cases and getting results are perfect for our needs."</div>
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            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__texts">
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">"BugBug is super intuitive and lowers the barrier of becoming an end-to-end tester. It reduces development time and significantly lowers the cost of software testing. "</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Wojciech, CEO Davinci-Studio.com</div>
            </div>
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            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__icon"><img src="https://assets.website-files.com/62826448121477c0eb54a773/633456764c0c618517865056_bugbug-quote-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="" class="cms-testimonials-item__icon-img"></div>
            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__texts">
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">"We always wanted to automate, but didn't have resources. BugBug empowered us to do so. Very simple, quick to use, and looks really cool!"</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Kris, CEO, Innential</div>
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              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">"It works great! BugBug saves me hours of monotonous work writing and maintaining tests."</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Martin, Python developer</div>
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              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">"BugBug is a great choice for our business because it is easily accessible and intuitive. In the free plan, it offers tools that meet our daily needs."</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Mariana Barbosa, Azzo Tecnologia</div>
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            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__icon"><img src="https://assets.website-files.com/62826448121477c0eb54a773/633456764c0c618517865056_bugbug-quote-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="" class="cms-testimonials-item__icon-img"></div>
            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__texts">
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">“A very interesting software testing tool that allows you to run automated tests without any programming knowledge.”</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Michał, QA Engineer</div>
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[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]


After carefully selecting the YouTube channels and podcasts, we switched our attention towards newsletters. Those are also a great tool for a QA or for software testers to expand their knowledge. 

Once you subscribe you get a regular update or a chunk of knowledge straight to your inbox. Some of them are sent weekly, others not. 

Browse the list, click the link if you found one interesting for you and **get the best software testing news**.

## Our selection of software testing newsletters


### Software Testing Weekly

![Software Testing Weekly newsletter](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_48_09_c012aa8097.png)

This one is from our home court. The newsletter curated by **Dawid Dylowicz** brings you the latest software testing news. It is published every Friday and provides you with carefully selected information with links and short descriptions. 

This pre-selection provided by Dawid allows you to decide which article would you like to read in detail and which is not of your scope of interest.  As the testing world expands basically every day, having a true professional preparing you a weekly digest is a real gem. 

You can also become a sponsor of one edition, which could be always a great way to expand your brand worldwide. 

Link: [https://softwaretestingweekly.com/](https://softwaretestingweekly.com/)

### Ministry of Testing

![Ministry of Testing newsletter](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_49_31_51e0495e6d.png)

Sounds familiar? Well maybe because we covered them in the podcast list already :) They run a great testing community that includes a weekly newsletter. Multiple authors will provide you with information on multiple topics - test automation, testing tools, api testing, coding but also soft skills, testing events and many more. 

Ministry of Testing newsletter reaches your inbox **every week on Monday**. 

Link: [https://www.ministryoftesting.com/newsletter](https://www.ministryoftesting.com/newsletter)


->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


### TestGuild Newsletter

![TestGuild Newsletter ](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_50_58_f9d57351b2.png)

This weekly software testing newsletter is mostly focused on test automation. Produced by **Joe Colantonio**, a renowned figure in the testing field it features articles, tutorials, industry news, and announcements. 

The topics covered include proven tips, tricks, and techniques on full-stack automation. The newsletter includes also the latest & most relevant info from the world of E2E testing. 

By joining the newsletter you will get 10 quick & actionable test automation tips. 

Link: [https://testguild.com/newsletter/](https://testguild.com/newsletter/)

### Methods & Tools

![Methods & Tools newsletter](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_53_00_ac9128116a.png)

In the article on podcasts we mentioned that one established in 2014 was a mature product. Well how mistaken we were... Methods and tools was set up in 2000 (!!!). And with all due respect to the creators it seems they did not change the layout since then. 

Jokes aside - **Methods & Tools** is a great place for those members of the software testing world, who would like to receive less e-mails but still be in the loop. 

They hand-pick an overview on what happened in the industry and send a monthly package. Even though they seem to have a brief pause recently, it is a great place to browse what is and was hot for the last 20+ years.

Link: [https://www.methodsandtools.com/facts/facts.php](https://www.methodsandtools.com/facts/facts.php)

### Five for Friday

![Five for Friday newsletter](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_54_33_e85f148774.png)

Every Friday **Alan Page** (the Angry Weasel) provides five articles related to software testing. If you don't have time to browse multiple links, such a brief selection would be perfect for you. 

Although this is not a newsletter per say, it is worth to either have your own calendar remind you to check the website or to get a RSS feed from Alan. 

The selection is sometimes surprising and expands beyond all things testing. You can find some software development there, webinars, blogs and many more. 

Link: [https://angryweasel.com/blog/](https://angryweasel.com/blog/)

### Five Blogs

![Five Blogs ](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_56_29_6ac1f4daa4.png)

The very ascetic website based on the simplest Wordpress template possible is a true gem. For **3000** (yes THREE THOUSAND) posts the author provided us with links to 5 different blogs he read that day. They mostly relate to testing and programming, but you will get also some insights into management, productivity and leadership. 

It is honestly one of the biggest library of testing materials ever. Unfortunately there is no email subscription available since this May the author mentioned that number 3000 was the last post on that site. 

Do check it since every blog post is worth reading and you have it all in one place.

Link: [https://5blogs.wordpress.com/](https://5blogs.wordpress.com/)

### QMetry Newsletter

![QMetry Newsletter ](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_57_59_070ac47d5d.png)

This one is provided by the company behind **QMetry** app and brings you a monthly insight to different aspects of testing. Every edition includes a few of their articles regarding concepts, tools or conferences. It is very insightful and easy to navigate. 

Although it is relatively young (only 8 issues when we created this article) it is carefully curated and already owns a place on our list. 

Link: [https://www.qmetry.com/resources/newsletters](https://www.qmetry.com/resources/newsletters)


->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Summary

There you go, the top 7 written resources we were able to find. Some great places to get knowledge and practice on software testing. 

If you know any others that are worth our consideration, do let us know. Maybe we will end up having a part 2 of this article. 


Happy (automated) testing!


The Best Software Testing Newsletters for 2023

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[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]


In the world of automation testing and web scraping, XPath is an invaluable tool. XPath allows you to navigate through the Document Object Model (DOM) of HTML and XML documents, making it a crucial skill for anyone involved in test automation or data extraction. 

XPath in Selenium is widely used to locate and interact with elements on web pages. Selenium Webdriver provides several methods for finding web elements using XPath expressions. In this guide, we will explore XPath locators, delve into their essentials, syntax, types, and functions, and provide you with an exhaustive cheat sheet to boost your XPath proficiency.


![xpath cheat sheet](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/i_came_from_0c5f74bdfa_cf07b3471a.jpeg)


## What is XPath Locator?

XPath locator, often simply referred to as XPath, is a language used for navigating and querying XML or HTML documents. It provides a way to locate and select elements within the document's structure, making it an essential tool for automating interactions with web applications using libraries like Selenium.


## XPath Essentials

### 1. Syntax and Structure

XPath expressions are written using a combination of elements, operators, functions, and axes. The syntax is hierarchical, resembling a directory structure, with forward slashes ("/") used to traverse through nodes.


### 2. Key Axes and Node Types

XPath offers various axes (e.g., child, parent, sibling) to navigate the DOM, and it recognizes different node types (e.g., element, attribute, text) that can be selected.


### 3. Common Functions

XPath includes a set of useful functions for manipulating strings, numbers, and other data types, enhancing the power and flexibility of your queries.


## XPath Types

Absolute and relative XPath are two different approaches for locating elements in an XML or HTML document using XPath expressions. They are commonly used in web automation testing, particularly with tools like Selenium. 

Here's an explanation of each:

### Absolute XPath Expression

Absolute XPath specifies the exact and full path from the root element of the document to the target element. It starts with a single forward slash ("/") and then lists all the elements in the hierarchy, separated by forward slashes, leading to the target element.

**Pros:**
- It provides an exact and unique path to the element, which can be useful in situations where there are multiple elements with similar attributes.


**Cons:**
- It can be long and prone to breakage if the structure of the page changes, making it less maintainable.

- Absolute XPaths are less flexible because they specify the full path from the root, so any changes to the document structure above the target element can break the XPath.


### Relative XPath

Relative XPath, also known as a partial XPath, specifies the path to the target element based on its position or attributes relative to other elements in the DOM, without starting from the root element. It typically starts with a double forward slash ("//") and then specifies conditions or attributes that lead to the desired element.


**Pros:**
- It is more flexible and resilient to changes in the document structure because it doesn't rely on the entire path from the root.

- Relative XPaths are shorter and easier to read and maintain.


**Cons:**
- If the document structure changes significantly, a relative XPath might not be specific enough and could select unintended elements.


In summary, absolute XPath provides the full path from the root element, offering precision but less flexibility and maintainability. Relative XPath, on the other hand, offers flexibility by specifying the path relative to the current context, making it more robust against changes but potentially less precise in complex document structures. 

The choice between them depends on the specific requirements of your automation task and the stability of the target elements in the document.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## XPath Types

XPath operates on different types of data within XML documents, including nodes (elements, attributes, text, etc.) and values (strings, numbers, booleans, etc.). Understanding these types is crucial for constructing effective XPath expressions.

## XPath Syntax

XPath expressions are written using a specific syntax that allows you to traverse and query an XML document. The syntax includes a combination of elements, functions, operators, and axes to specify the elements you want to target.


## XPath Selectors

XPath selectors are the components of an XPath expression that define the criteria for selecting nodes or data from an XML document. These selectors include elements, attributes, text, and more, depending on the XPath expression's purpose.

Our team has created [the No-code XPath Selector Builder](https://bugbug.io/xpath-selector-builder/) so you can generate reliable XPath selectors without extensive XPath knowledge. 


## XPath Expressions

XPath expressions are the heart of XPath language. They are used to define a path within an XML document to locate specific nodes or values. XPath expressions consist of a series of location steps separated by slashes, and they can include predicates, functions, and more.


## XPath Axes

Axes in XPath are used to define the relationship between nodes in an XML document. They help you navigate the document's structure by specifying the direction in which you want to move from the current node. Common axes include child, parent, ancestor, descendant, sibling, and attribute axes.


## XPath Operators

XPath includes a set of operators that you can use in your expressions to compare, combine, or filter nodes and values. Some common operators in XPath include equality operators (e.g., =, !=), arithmetic operators (e.g., +, -, *, /), and logical operators (e.g., and, or, not).


## XPath Functions
XPath provides a wide range of built-in functions that allow you to perform various operations on nodes and values. These functions can be used to extract data, manipulate strings, perform mathematical calculations, and more. Examples of XPath functions include text(), contains(), substring(), and count().


## Debug Console for XPath

Effective debugging is crucial when working with XPath locators. Learning how to use the browser's developer tools to test and refine your XPath queries can save you time and frustration.


## Tips and Best Practices

### 1. Avoid Common Pitfalls

**- Keep it Simple:** Avoid creating overly complex expressions. Simplicity often leads to greater readability and less error-prone code.

**- Avoid Absolute Paths:** Using absolute paths (e.g., /html/body/div[1]/p[2]) can make your XPath fragile and prone to breaking if the HTML structure changes. Prefer relative paths whenever possible.

**- Be Specific:** Make your expressions as specific as needed to target the elements you want. Avoid using wildcards (*) when more precise expressions can be used.

**- Use Predicates Wisely:** While predicates (filters) are useful, don't overuse them. Too many predicates can make your expressions hard to read and maintain.

**- Consider Cross-Browser Compatibility:** Test your expressions in multiple browsers to ensure they work consistently. Different browsers may interpret XPath slightly differently.


### 2. Optimize for Performance

**- Use Efficient Selectors:** Choose the most efficient selector for your task. For example, prefer ID selectors (//*[@id='myId']) over complex hierarchical paths when possible.

**- Limit the Use of //:** The // selector can be slow because it searches the entire document. Whenever you can, specify a more direct path to the element you need.

**- Cache Elements:** If you need to interact with the same element multiple times, cache it instead of repeatedly locating it with XPath. This reduces overhead.

**- Minimize XPath Calls:** Reduce the number of XPath evaluations in your code. Each evaluation consumes time. Store elements in variables and reuse them.

**- Test Performance:** Measure the performance of your test automation with profiling tools to identify bottlenecks related to XPath usage.


### 3. Debug Effectively

**- Use Browser DevTools:** Most browsers have built-in tools for testing and debugging expressions. You can use these tools to evaluate and refine your XPath.

**- Output Results:** Print the results of your XPath queries to the console during debugging. This helps you verify that you're selecting the right elements.

**- Step Through Code:** Use breakpoints and step-by-step debugging in your testing framework to inspect the state of your application and XPath results at different points in your code.

**- Comment Your XPath:** Add comments in your code to explain complex or non-obvious expressions. This makes it easier for you and your team to understand the purpose of each XPath.

**- Regularly Review and Refactor:** Periodically review and refactor your expressions. As your application evolves, XPath may need adjustment to stay reliable.


->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Cheat Sheet

To make your life easier, we've compiled a handy cheat sheet with quick-reference tables for common expressions, functions, and operators. 

This cheat sheet is your go-to resource when working with XPath in your automation testing or web scraping projects.


### Basic XPath Syntax:

-  `/` - Selects from the root node.

- `//` - Selects nodes anywhere in the document.

- `.` - Represents the current node.

- `..` - Represents the parent of the current node.


### Selectors:

- `element` - Selects all elements with the given name.

- `@attribute` - Selects the value of the specified attribute.

- `*` - Selects all child elements.

- `text()` - Selects the text within an element.

- `[predicate]` - Adds a condition to filter nodes.


### Predicates:


- `[name='value']` - Selects nodes with the specified attribute value.

- `[position()]` - Selects nodes based on their position.

- `[last()]` - Selects the last node of a given type.

- `[contains(@attribute, 'value')]` - Selects nodes with attribute values containing 'value'.

- `[not(predicate)]` - Negates a condition.


### Axes:

- `ancestor::` - Selects all ancestors.

- `ancestor-or-self::` - Selects ancestors and the current node.

- `child::` - Selects all children.

- `descendant::` - Selects all descendants.

- `descendant-or-self::` - Selects descendants and the current node.

- `following::` - Selects all following nodes.

- `following-sibling::` - Selects following siblings.

- `parent::` - Selects the parent node.

- `preceding::` - Selects all preceding nodes.

- `preceding-sibling::`- Selects preceding siblings.

- `self::` - Selects the current node.


### Operators:

- `=` - Equal to.

- `!=` - Not equal to.

- `<` - Less than.

- `<=` - Less than or equal to.

- `>` - Greater than.

- `>=` - Greater than or equal to.

- `and` - Logical AND.

- `or` - Logical OR.

- `not` - Logical NOT.


### Functions (Examples):

- `name()` - Returns the name of the current node.

- `count(nodes)` - Returns the number of nodes in the node-set.

- `concat(string1, string2)` - Concatenates two strings.

- `substring(string, start, length)` - Returns a substring.

- `contains(string, substr)` - Checks if a string contains a substring.

- `normalize-space(string)` - Removes leading/trailing whitespace and collapses spaces.


### Examples:

- `/bookstore/book` - Selects all book elements in the root bookstore.

- `//title[text()='XPath']` - Selects title elements with text 'XPath' anywhere in the document.

- `//*[@id='myId']` - Selects elements with the attribute id equal to 'myId'.

- `/bookstore/book[position()=1]` - Selects the first book element.

- `//div[@class='highlight']//p` - Selects p elements within div with class 'highlight'.

- `//a[contains(@href, 'example.com')]` - Selects a elements with 'example.com' in the href attribute.


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## Conclusion

XPath is an indispensable tool for automation testing and web scraping. With a solid understanding of its syntax, types, and best practices, you can become a master of XPath locators. 

Armed with our XPath cheat sheet and the knowledge gained from this guide, you are well-equipped to tackle even the most complex automation tasks and DOM structures with confidence. So, go forth and automate with precision using XPath!

Read more about how to create robust XPath selectors in our [Ultimate Beginner's Guide](https://bugbug.io/xpath-selector-builder/) for every tester. 


Happy (automated) testing!

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[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]


In today's digital landscape, ensuring that your application functions seamlessly from start to finish is a critical aspect of software development. One powerful approach to achieve this is through user journey testing. 

Customer journey [end-to-end tests](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/what-is-end-to-end-testing/) offer an insight into application's usability (especially in the context of UX research) as it replicates the steps of a typical user inside the application or browser. 


## What are User Journeys?

User journeys are the paths that users take as they interact with a software application, from their initial contact with the interface to the final accomplishment of their goal. Journey encompasses a series of steps, which may involve different features, pages, or functionalities of the application. 

These journeys are diverse, as they reflect the variety of actions users can perform within an application, such as signing up, making a purchase, or submitting a form. They can be represented visually as a user journey map.


## What is a User Journey Testing?

E2E Journey Test is a type of usability testing method in software development that focuses on simulating the complete path a user takes while interacting with a mobile app or website. 

This approach aims to **replicate the real-world user experience by following a series of steps and actions** that a person would perform to achieve a specific user goal or task within the software.

The primary objective of a user journey testing sessions is to assess how well different components, functionalities, and interfaces of an application work together to deliver a seamless and satisfying user experience. 

This method goes beyond evaluating individual features in isolation and instead tests the end-to-end workflow that user follows, ensuring that all components integrate smoothly and perform as expected. 


## Best Practises for User Journey Testing

Best practices for User Journey Tests include:

**1. Identify Critical User Journeys:** Prioritize user paths that align with your business goals or are frequently used by your target audience.

**2. Identify Different Scenarios:** Users interact with applications in various ways. Make sure you cover different scenarios, including positive and negative cases, edge cases, and variations in user needs and inputs.

**3. Use Realistic Test Data:** Utilize realistic and diverse test data that mimics actual user behavior. This includes using valid and invalid inputs, different user roles, and varying data combinations.

**4. Create Clear Test Scripts:** Document the steps and interactions. Clear and well-structured test scripts ensure consistency and accuracy during testing and help other team members understand the entire process.

**5. Automate:** Test automation tools can significantly speed up the process while ensuring repeatability and accuracy.

**6. Isolate Environments:** Use isolated testing environments to prevent interference from other ongoing tests or changes. 

**7. API Testing Integration:** Integrate API testing to validate the communication between different components.

**8. Parallel Testing:** Run multiple tests in parallel to save time and accelerate the testing process. 

**9. Monitor and Analyze Results:** Regularly monitor and analyze the results. Identify patterns, trends, and areas of improvement. Act on any issues identified promptly to ensure a smooth user experience.

**10. Feedback Loop:** Encourage collaboration between developers, testers, and user experience design teams. Regularly gather feedback and collaborate to refine and improve customer journey.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Benefits of User Journey Tests


User journey testing offers several benefits that contribute to a higher-quality user experience and more reliable software:

**- Realistic Testing:** By simulating real customer experience, you can show more accurate test results that represent how the application functions in a real-world scenario.

**- End-to-End Validation:** User journey tests validate the entire application workflow, detecting integration issues that might go unnoticed with unit or component testing.

**- Improved Bug Detection:** This approach helps identify complex bugs and glitches that arise from the interactions between different components of the application.

**- Enhanced User Satisfaction:** Consistently delivering a smooth user experience increases user satisfaction and loyalty, leading to better retention rates.

**- Reduced Development Costs:** Detecting and addressing issues early in the development process can help avoid costly fixes later on.


## How to Run User Journey Tests in BugBug?

With BugBug we could verify holistic and typical functionality of an online shop. We can set up a scenario where first we choose an item, add it to the cart and then proceed to the payment. 


1. Log in and create a new test on [bugbug.io](https://bugbug.io/)


2. Create a new test

![bugbug create new test](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/spaces_M_Kixge_B_Pb_Lvn_D0l1ei_V_uploads_S_Vab_Xz_KBYBD_13_X_Bp_AR_Xb_Zrzut_ekranu_2023_03_15_111506_ac3ab54cef.webp)

3. Enter the URL of the web app or website that you want to test

![bugbug test automation tool](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/spaces_M_Kixge_B_Pb_Lvn_D0l1ei_V_uploads_Bqsl_G_Ij_ET_Fs_Bom7h_U_Yz_M_bugbug_guide_03_be98d6485e.webp)

4. Click "Start recording" - if you installed the extension, the incognito Chrome browser window should appear

![BugBug Test Recorder](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/spaces_M_Kixge_B_Pb_Lvn_D0l1ei_V_uploads_De_G_Hov_Pyw9_Qrv7z34cp_S_bugbug_guide_05_fd3f3c6149.webp)

5. Carefully click the elements to navigate - each click will be recorded automatically


6. When you are ready with the test case click the Finish and close button in the overlay menu on the right
BugBug test recorder


7. Now run the test to see if everything was correctly recorded

![test run in cloud](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Frame_63_1_1ad656e4d3.png)

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Conclusion

Creating [end-to-end tests](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/what-is-end-to-end-testing/) that faithfully replicate user journeys is an essential practice in software development. These tests go beyond mere functionality checks to simulate the complete paths users take through an application. By doing so, they ensure that all aspects of the user experience work harmoniously together and ensure customer loyalty. 


Happy (automated) testing!

