Software Testing Knowledge

Software developer currently working as a tech writer and PM.  
[linkedin.com/in/marcin-%C5%82ojewski-a4191518/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/marcin-%C5%82ojewski-a4191518/)

Marcin Łojewski

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]


After carefully selecting the YouTube channels and podcasts, we switched our attention towards newsletters. Those are also a great tool for a QA or for software testers to expand their knowledge. 

Once you subscribe you get a regular update or a chunk of knowledge straight to your inbox. Some of them are sent weekly, others not. 

Browse the list, click the link if you found one interesting for you and **get the best software testing news**.

## Our selection of software testing newsletters


### Software Testing Weekly

![Software Testing Weekly newsletter](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_48_09_c012aa8097.png)

This one is from our home court. The newsletter curated by **Dawid Dylowicz** brings you the latest software testing news. It is published every Friday and provides you with carefully selected information with links and short descriptions. 

This pre-selection provided by Dawid allows you to decide which article would you like to read in detail and which is not of your scope of interest.  As the testing world expands basically every day, having a true professional preparing you a weekly digest is a real gem. 

You can also become a sponsor of one edition, which could be always a great way to expand your brand worldwide. 

Link: [https://softwaretestingweekly.com/](https://softwaretestingweekly.com/)

### Ministry of Testing

![Ministry of Testing newsletter](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_49_31_51e0495e6d.png)

Sounds familiar? Well maybe because we covered them in the podcast list already :) They run a great testing community that includes a weekly newsletter. Multiple authors will provide you with information on multiple topics - test automation, testing tools, api testing, coding but also soft skills, testing events and many more. 

Ministry of Testing newsletter reaches your inbox **every week on Monday**. 

Link: [https://www.ministryoftesting.com/newsletter](https://www.ministryoftesting.com/newsletter)


->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


### TestGuild Newsletter

![TestGuild Newsletter ](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_50_58_f9d57351b2.png)

This weekly software testing newsletter is mostly focused on test automation. Produced by **Joe Colantonio**, a renowned figure in the testing field it features articles, tutorials, industry news, and announcements. 

The topics covered include proven tips, tricks, and techniques on full-stack automation. The newsletter includes also the latest & most relevant info from the world of E2E testing. 

By joining the newsletter you will get 10 quick & actionable test automation tips. 

Link: [https://testguild.com/newsletter/](https://testguild.com/newsletter/)

### Methods & Tools

![Methods & Tools newsletter](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_53_00_ac9128116a.png)

In the article on podcasts we mentioned that one established in 2014 was a mature product. Well how mistaken we were... Methods and tools was set up in 2000 (!!!). And with all due respect to the creators it seems they did not change the layout since then. 

Jokes aside - **Methods & Tools** is a great place for those members of the software testing world, who would like to receive less e-mails but still be in the loop. 

They hand-pick an overview on what happened in the industry and send a monthly package. Even though they seem to have a brief pause recently, it is a great place to browse what is and was hot for the last 20+ years.

Link: [https://www.methodsandtools.com/facts/facts.php](https://www.methodsandtools.com/facts/facts.php)

### Five for Friday

![Five for Friday newsletter](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_54_33_e85f148774.png)

Every Friday **Alan Page** (the Angry Weasel) provides five articles related to software testing. If you don't have time to browse multiple links, such a brief selection would be perfect for you. 

Although this is not a newsletter per say, it is worth to either have your own calendar remind you to check the website or to get a RSS feed from Alan. 

The selection is sometimes surprising and expands beyond all things testing. You can find some software development there, webinars, blogs and many more. 

Link: [https://angryweasel.com/blog/](https://angryweasel.com/blog/)

### Five Blogs

![Five Blogs ](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_56_29_6ac1f4daa4.png)

The very ascetic website based on the simplest Wordpress template possible is a true gem. For **3000** (yes THREE THOUSAND) posts the author provided us with links to 5 different blogs he read that day. They mostly relate to testing and programming, but you will get also some insights into management, productivity and leadership. 

It is honestly one of the biggest library of testing materials ever. Unfortunately there is no email subscription available since this May the author mentioned that number 3000 was the last post on that site. 

Do check it since every blog post is worth reading and you have it all in one place.

Link: [https://5blogs.wordpress.com/](https://5blogs.wordpress.com/)

### QMetry Newsletter

![QMetry Newsletter ](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_22_at_11_57_59_070ac47d5d.png)

This one is provided by the company behind **QMetry** app and brings you a monthly insight to different aspects of testing. Every edition includes a few of their articles regarding concepts, tools or conferences. It is very insightful and easy to navigate. 

Although it is relatively young (only 8 issues when we created this article) it is carefully curated and already owns a place on our list. 

Link: [https://www.qmetry.com/resources/newsletters](https://www.qmetry.com/resources/newsletters)


->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Summary

There you go, the top 7 written resources we were able to find. Some great places to get knowledge and practice on software testing. 

If you know any others that are worth our consideration, do let us know. Maybe we will end up having a part 2 of this article. 


Happy (automated) testing!


The Best Software Testing Newsletters for 2023

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The Best Software Testing Newsletters in 2023

Application Consultant working as a Tech Writer


[https://www.linkedin.com/in/dominikdurejko/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/dominikdurejko/)

Dominik Szahidewicz

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]


In the world of automation testing and web scraping, XPath is an invaluable tool. XPath allows you to navigate through the Document Object Model (DOM) of HTML and XML documents, making it a crucial skill for anyone involved in test automation or data extraction. 

XPath in Selenium is widely used to locate and interact with elements on web pages. Selenium Webdriver provides several methods for finding web elements using XPath expressions. In this guide, we will explore XPath locators, delve into their essentials, syntax, types, and functions, and provide you with an exhaustive cheat sheet to boost your XPath proficiency.


![xpath cheat sheet](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/i_came_from_0c5f74bdfa_cf07b3471a.jpeg)


## What is XPath Locator?

XPath locator, often simply referred to as XPath, is a language used for navigating and querying XML or HTML documents. It provides a way to locate and select elements within the document's structure, making it an essential tool for automating interactions with web applications using libraries like Selenium.


## XPath Essentials

### 1. Syntax and Structure

XPath expressions are written using a combination of elements, operators, functions, and axes. The syntax is hierarchical, resembling a directory structure, with forward slashes ("/") used to traverse through nodes.


### 2. Key Axes and Node Types

XPath offers various axes (e.g., child, parent, sibling) to navigate the DOM, and it recognizes different node types (e.g., element, attribute, text) that can be selected.


### 3. Common Functions

XPath includes a set of useful functions for manipulating strings, numbers, and other data types, enhancing the power and flexibility of your queries.


## XPath Types

Absolute and relative XPath are two different approaches for locating elements in an XML or HTML document using XPath expressions. They are commonly used in web automation testing, particularly with tools like Selenium. 

Here's an explanation of each:

### Absolute XPath Expression

Absolute XPath specifies the exact and full path from the root element of the document to the target element. It starts with a single forward slash ("/") and then lists all the elements in the hierarchy, separated by forward slashes, leading to the target element.

**Pros:**
- It provides an exact and unique path to the element, which can be useful in situations where there are multiple elements with similar attributes.


**Cons:**
- It can be long and prone to breakage if the structure of the page changes, making it less maintainable.

- Absolute XPaths are less flexible because they specify the full path from the root, so any changes to the document structure above the target element can break the XPath.


### Relative XPath

Relative XPath, also known as a partial XPath, specifies the path to the target element based on its position or attributes relative to other elements in the DOM, without starting from the root element. It typically starts with a double forward slash ("//") and then specifies conditions or attributes that lead to the desired element.


**Pros:**
- It is more flexible and resilient to changes in the document structure because it doesn't rely on the entire path from the root.

- Relative XPaths are shorter and easier to read and maintain.


**Cons:**
- If the document structure changes significantly, a relative XPath might not be specific enough and could select unintended elements.


In summary, absolute XPath provides the full path from the root element, offering precision but less flexibility and maintainability. Relative XPath, on the other hand, offers flexibility by specifying the path relative to the current context, making it more robust against changes but potentially less precise in complex document structures. 

The choice between them depends on the specific requirements of your automation task and the stability of the target elements in the document.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## XPath Types

XPath operates on different types of data within XML documents, including nodes (elements, attributes, text, etc.) and values (strings, numbers, booleans, etc.). Understanding these types is crucial for constructing effective XPath expressions.

## XPath Syntax

XPath expressions are written using a specific syntax that allows you to traverse and query an XML document. The syntax includes a combination of elements, functions, operators, and axes to specify the elements you want to target.


## XPath Selectors

XPath selectors are the components of an XPath expression that define the criteria for selecting nodes or data from an XML document. These selectors include elements, attributes, text, and more, depending on the XPath expression's purpose.

Our team has created [the No-code XPath Selector Builder](https://bugbug.io/xpath-selector-builder/) so you can generate reliable XPath selectors without extensive XPath knowledge. 


## XPath Expressions

XPath expressions are the heart of XPath language. They are used to define a path within an XML document to locate specific nodes or values. XPath expressions consist of a series of location steps separated by slashes, and they can include predicates, functions, and more.


## XPath Axes

Axes in XPath are used to define the relationship between nodes in an XML document. They help you navigate the document's structure by specifying the direction in which you want to move from the current node. Common axes include child, parent, ancestor, descendant, sibling, and attribute axes.


## XPath Operators

XPath includes a set of operators that you can use in your expressions to compare, combine, or filter nodes and values. Some common operators in XPath include equality operators (e.g., =, !=), arithmetic operators (e.g., +, -, *, /), and logical operators (e.g., and, or, not).


## XPath Functions
XPath provides a wide range of built-in functions that allow you to perform various operations on nodes and values. These functions can be used to extract data, manipulate strings, perform mathematical calculations, and more. Examples of XPath functions include text(), contains(), substring(), and count().


## Debug Console for XPath

Effective debugging is crucial when working with XPath locators. Learning how to use the browser's developer tools to test and refine your XPath queries can save you time and frustration.


## Tips and Best Practices

### 1. Avoid Common Pitfalls

**- Keep it Simple:** Avoid creating overly complex expressions. Simplicity often leads to greater readability and less error-prone code.

**- Avoid Absolute Paths:** Using absolute paths (e.g., /html/body/div[1]/p[2]) can make your XPath fragile and prone to breaking if the HTML structure changes. Prefer relative paths whenever possible.

**- Be Specific:** Make your expressions as specific as needed to target the elements you want. Avoid using wildcards (*) when more precise expressions can be used.

**- Use Predicates Wisely:** While predicates (filters) are useful, don't overuse them. Too many predicates can make your expressions hard to read and maintain.

**- Consider Cross-Browser Compatibility:** Test your expressions in multiple browsers to ensure they work consistently. Different browsers may interpret XPath slightly differently.


### 2. Optimize for Performance

**- Use Efficient Selectors:** Choose the most efficient selector for your task. For example, prefer ID selectors (//*[@id='myId']) over complex hierarchical paths when possible.

**- Limit the Use of //:** The // selector can be slow because it searches the entire document. Whenever you can, specify a more direct path to the element you need.

**- Cache Elements:** If you need to interact with the same element multiple times, cache it instead of repeatedly locating it with XPath. This reduces overhead.

**- Minimize XPath Calls:** Reduce the number of XPath evaluations in your code. Each evaluation consumes time. Store elements in variables and reuse them.

**- Test Performance:** Measure the performance of your test automation with profiling tools to identify bottlenecks related to XPath usage.


### 3. Debug Effectively

**- Use Browser DevTools:** Most browsers have built-in tools for testing and debugging expressions. You can use these tools to evaluate and refine your XPath.

**- Output Results:** Print the results of your XPath queries to the console during debugging. This helps you verify that you're selecting the right elements.

**- Step Through Code:** Use breakpoints and step-by-step debugging in your testing framework to inspect the state of your application and XPath results at different points in your code.

**- Comment Your XPath:** Add comments in your code to explain complex or non-obvious expressions. This makes it easier for you and your team to understand the purpose of each XPath.

**- Regularly Review and Refactor:** Periodically review and refactor your expressions. As your application evolves, XPath may need adjustment to stay reliable.


->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Cheat Sheet

To make your life easier, we've compiled a handy cheat sheet with quick-reference tables for common expressions, functions, and operators. 

This cheat sheet is your go-to resource when working with XPath in your automation testing or web scraping projects.


### Basic XPath Syntax:

-  `/` - Selects from the root node.

- `//` - Selects nodes anywhere in the document.

- `.` - Represents the current node.

- `..` - Represents the parent of the current node.


### Selectors:

- `element` - Selects all elements with the given name.

- `@attribute` - Selects the value of the specified attribute.

- `*` - Selects all child elements.

- `text()` - Selects the text within an element.

- `[predicate]` - Adds a condition to filter nodes.


### Predicates:


- `[name='value']` - Selects nodes with the specified attribute value.

- `[position()]` - Selects nodes based on their position.

- `[last()]` - Selects the last node of a given type.

- `[contains(@attribute, 'value')]` - Selects nodes with attribute values containing 'value'.

- `[not(predicate)]` - Negates a condition.


### Axes:

- `ancestor::` - Selects all ancestors.

- `ancestor-or-self::` - Selects ancestors and the current node.

- `child::` - Selects all children.

- `descendant::` - Selects all descendants.

- `descendant-or-self::` - Selects descendants and the current node.

- `following::` - Selects all following nodes.

- `following-sibling::` - Selects following siblings.

- `parent::` - Selects the parent node.

- `preceding::` - Selects all preceding nodes.

- `preceding-sibling::`- Selects preceding siblings.

- `self::` - Selects the current node.


### Operators:

- `=` - Equal to.

- `!=` - Not equal to.

- `<` - Less than.

- `<=` - Less than or equal to.

- `>` - Greater than.

- `>=` - Greater than or equal to.

- `and` - Logical AND.

- `or` - Logical OR.

- `not` - Logical NOT.


### Functions (Examples):

- `name()` - Returns the name of the current node.

- `count(nodes)` - Returns the number of nodes in the node-set.

- `concat(string1, string2)` - Concatenates two strings.

- `substring(string, start, length)` - Returns a substring.

- `contains(string, substr)` - Checks if a string contains a substring.

- `normalize-space(string)` - Removes leading/trailing whitespace and collapses spaces.


### Examples:

- `/bookstore/book` - Selects all book elements in the root bookstore.

- `//title[text()='XPath']` - Selects title elements with text 'XPath' anywhere in the document.

- `//*[@id='myId']` - Selects elements with the attribute id equal to 'myId'.

- `/bookstore/book[position()=1]` - Selects the first book element.

- `//div[@class='highlight']//p` - Selects p elements within div with class 'highlight'.

- `//a[contains(@href, 'example.com')]` - Selects a elements with 'example.com' in the href attribute.


->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Conclusion

XPath is an indispensable tool for automation testing and web scraping. With a solid understanding of its syntax, types, and best practices, you can become a master of XPath locators. 

Armed with our XPath cheat sheet and the knowledge gained from this guide, you are well-equipped to tackle even the most complex automation tasks and DOM structures with confidence. So, go forth and automate with precision using XPath!

Read more about how to create robust XPath selectors in our [Ultimate Beginner's Guide](https://bugbug.io/xpath-selector-builder/) for every tester. 


Happy (automated) testing!

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The Ultimate XPath Cheat Sheet

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CI/CD Interview Questions and Answers

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]


In today's digital landscape, ensuring that your application functions seamlessly from start to finish is a critical aspect of software development. One powerful approach to achieve this is through user journey testing. 

Customer journey [end-to-end tests](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/what-is-end-to-end-testing/) offer an insight into application's usability (especially in the context of UX research) as it replicates the steps of a typical user inside the application or browser. 


## What are User Journeys?

User journeys are the paths that users take as they interact with a software application, from their initial contact with the interface to the final accomplishment of their goal. Journey encompasses a series of steps, which may involve different features, pages, or functionalities of the application. 

These journeys are diverse, as they reflect the variety of actions users can perform within an application, such as signing up, making a purchase, or submitting a form. They can be represented visually as a user journey map.


## What is a User Journey Testing?

E2E Journey Test is a type of usability testing method in software development that focuses on simulating the complete path a user takes while interacting with a mobile app or website. 

This approach aims to **replicate the real-world user experience by following a series of steps and actions** that a person would perform to achieve a specific user goal or task within the software.

The primary objective of a user journey testing sessions is to assess how well different components, functionalities, and interfaces of an application work together to deliver a seamless and satisfying user experience. 

This method goes beyond evaluating individual features in isolation and instead tests the end-to-end workflow that user follows, ensuring that all components integrate smoothly and perform as expected. 


## Best Practises for User Journey Testing

Best practices for User Journey Tests include:

**1. Identify Critical User Journeys:** Prioritize user paths that align with your business goals or are frequently used by your target audience.

**2. Identify Different Scenarios:** Users interact with applications in various ways. Make sure you cover different scenarios, including positive and negative cases, edge cases, and variations in user needs and inputs.

**3. Use Realistic Test Data:** Utilize realistic and diverse test data that mimics actual user behavior. This includes using valid and invalid inputs, different user roles, and varying data combinations.

**4. Create Clear Test Scripts:** Document the steps and interactions. Clear and well-structured test scripts ensure consistency and accuracy during testing and help other team members understand the entire process.

**5. Automate:** Test automation tools can significantly speed up the process while ensuring repeatability and accuracy.

**6. Isolate Environments:** Use isolated testing environments to prevent interference from other ongoing tests or changes. 

**7. API Testing Integration:** Integrate API testing to validate the communication between different components.

**8. Parallel Testing:** Run multiple tests in parallel to save time and accelerate the testing process. 

**9. Monitor and Analyze Results:** Regularly monitor and analyze the results. Identify patterns, trends, and areas of improvement. Act on any issues identified promptly to ensure a smooth user experience.

**10. Feedback Loop:** Encourage collaboration between developers, testers, and user experience design teams. Regularly gather feedback and collaborate to refine and improve customer journey.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Benefits of User Journey Tests


User journey testing offers several benefits that contribute to a higher-quality user experience and more reliable software:

**- Realistic Testing:** By simulating real customer experience, you can show more accurate test results that represent how the application functions in a real-world scenario.

**- End-to-End Validation:** User journey tests validate the entire application workflow, detecting integration issues that might go unnoticed with unit or component testing.

**- Improved Bug Detection:** This approach helps identify complex bugs and glitches that arise from the interactions between different components of the application.

**- Enhanced User Satisfaction:** Consistently delivering a smooth user experience increases user satisfaction and loyalty, leading to better retention rates.

**- Reduced Development Costs:** Detecting and addressing issues early in the development process can help avoid costly fixes later on.


## How to Run User Journey Tests in BugBug?

With BugBug we could verify holistic and typical functionality of an online shop. We can set up a scenario where first we choose an item, add it to the cart and then proceed to the payment. 


1. Log in and create a new test on [bugbug.io](https://bugbug.io/)


2. Create a new test

![bugbug create new test](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/spaces_M_Kixge_B_Pb_Lvn_D0l1ei_V_uploads_S_Vab_Xz_KBYBD_13_X_Bp_AR_Xb_Zrzut_ekranu_2023_03_15_111506_ac3ab54cef.webp)

3. Enter the URL of the web app or website that you want to test

![bugbug test automation tool](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/spaces_M_Kixge_B_Pb_Lvn_D0l1ei_V_uploads_Bqsl_G_Ij_ET_Fs_Bom7h_U_Yz_M_bugbug_guide_03_be98d6485e.webp)

4. Click "Start recording" - if you installed the extension, the incognito Chrome browser window should appear

![BugBug Test Recorder](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/spaces_M_Kixge_B_Pb_Lvn_D0l1ei_V_uploads_De_G_Hov_Pyw9_Qrv7z34cp_S_bugbug_guide_05_fd3f3c6149.webp)

5. Carefully click the elements to navigate - each click will be recorded automatically


6. When you are ready with the test case click the Finish and close button in the overlay menu on the right
BugBug test recorder


7. Now run the test to see if everything was correctly recorded

![test run in cloud](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Frame_63_1_1ad656e4d3.png)

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Conclusion

Creating [end-to-end tests](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/what-is-end-to-end-testing/) that faithfully replicate user journeys is an essential practice in software development. These tests go beyond mere functionality checks to simulate the complete paths users take through an application. By doing so, they ensure that all aspects of the user experience work harmoniously together and ensure customer loyalty. 


Happy (automated) testing!



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What is User Journey Testing? Guide for Software Testers

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

About a decade ago, **Netflix** team introduced chaos testing, coinciding with their migration to AWS (Amazon Web Services). This transition aimed to prevent scalability issues and single points of failure, prompting the creation of two key principles: avoiding singular failure points and not being overly confident in their implementation. 

Today, **chaos testing** is embraced by various DevOps and IT teams across industries, joining Netflix and Amazon. Chaos Engineering along with Performance Engineering and Reliability Engineering play vital roles in ensuring the quality of software development process. 

In this comprehensive guide we will dive into the concept of chaos engineering experiments. So how can you use chaos engineering and run chaos software tests? What are the best practices and challanges? 

Let's begin by gaining a solid grasp of the fundamental concept behind **chaos engineering.** 

## Chaos Testing Methodology

Chaos Testing, also known as Chaos Engineering, is a technique used in software deployment and operations **to test the resilience, reliability and stability** by intentionally injecting failures and disturbances into the system's environment. 

The primary goal of Chaos Testing is **to identify and address weaknesses, vulnerabilities in complex systems** before they cause significant outages or disruptions in production environment.

**Failover testing** involves intentionally inducing failures in a real-world environment to trigger failover mechanisms and observe how the system responds. 

The goal is to verify that failover processes function as expected, maintain service availability, and prevent data loss or disruption. Fault injection is a fundamental technique used in chaos testing to intentionally introduce failures, errors, or disruptions into a system to assess its resilience and ability to recover. 

This approach helps engineers uncover vulnerabilities, assess the effectiveness of the system's monitoring and recovery mechanisms, and improve the overall robustness of the software. The scope of intentionally introduced failures is called blast radius. 

![chaos engineering meme](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/prodchaos_89faca7d68.webp)

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## How does Chaos Engineering work?

The process follows a systematic approach to identify weaknesses and build confidence in the system's ability to handle unexpected events. 

Here's how Chaos Engineering typically works:

**1. Hypothesis**
The first step is to define a hypothesis about how the system might behave under certain adverse conditions. This hypothesis sets the goal for the experiment and outlines the expected outcomes.

**2. Target System**
Select the target system or component that you want to test. This could be a specific service, server, database, or any critical part of the infrastructure.

**3. Defining the Experiment**
Determine the type of failure or disruption you want to simulate. This could include scenarios such as network latency, service crashes, database slowdowns, or other real-world failures.

**4. Controlled Chaos**
Implement the planned disruption in a controlled manner. This could involve using chaos engineering tools to inject faults, manipulate network conditions, or induce resource constraints. The key is to ensure that the chaos is introduced in a controlled environment and monitored closely.

**5. Observing System Behavior**
During the chaos testing, closely monitor how the system responds to the introduced disruptions. Collect data on performance metrics, error rates, response times, and other relevant parameters.

**6. Analyzing and Documenting Results**
Compare the observed behavior of the system during the testing with the expected outcomes defined in the hypothesis. Document the experiment process, outcomes, and the improvements made. Share the findings with the broader team to facilitate knowledge sharing and transparency.

## Chaos Engineering Platforms

Chaos Engineering platforms are specialized tools and software solutions designed to help organizations implement controlled chaos testing as part of their resiliency testing and reliability improvement strategies. 

Here are a few notable testing platforms you can use:

**- Gremlin:** Gremlin provides a wide array of attack methods to show system failure across different layers of infrastructure, including hosts, networks, and applications. [Gremlin](https://www.gremlin.com/) offers safety controls, reporting, and integration with popular cloud and container platforms.

**- ChaosIQ:** [ChaosIQ](https://chaosiq.io/) offers a platform that helps teams design, schedule, and execute chaos tests. It focuses on making experiments more repeatable and controlled, allowing teams to learn about their systems' behavior under stress.

**- LitmusChaos:** [LitmusChaos](https://litmuschaos.io/) is an open-source Chaos Engineering platform designed for Kubernetes environments.

**- Chaos Toolkit:** [Chaos Toolkit](https://chaostoolkit.org/) is an open-source initiative that supports extensible plugins for different infrastructure and cloud providers, allowing users to create custom chaos tests.

**- Pumba:** [Pumba](https://github.com/alexei-led/pumba) is an open-source test tool that focuses on Docker containers. It allows users to introduce various network-related disruptions, such as delays, packet loss, and bandwidth limitations, to Docker containers.

**- Netflix Simian Army:** Various "monkeys" like Chaos Monkey and Latency Monkey, inspired the field. While the [Simian Army](https://github.com/Netflix/SimianArmy) itself might not be actively maintained anymore, it laid the foundation for adopting Chaos Engineering by other companies.

**- KubeInvaders:** Another open-source project, [KubeInvaders](https://github.com/lucky-sideburn/kubeinvaders), is designed for Kubernetes environments. It introduces chaos by deploying "invaders" that target different Kubernetes resources and components.

## Benefits of Chaos Testing

The benefits of Chaos Engineering include:

### 1. Improved Customer Experience

By addressing potential issues before they manifest in real-world situations, chaos testing helps to prevent situations where customers encounter errors, slowdowns, or other negative experiences.

### 2. Continuous Improvement

This approach promotes a cycle of continuous improvement. As weaknesses are identified and addressed, systems become more resilient over time, leading to higher overall software quality.

### 3. Confidence

Chaos Engineering builds confidence in how a system will behave in the face of unexpected events. This confidence is crucial for both development teams and stakeholders, ensuring that the system is robust and reliable.

### 4. Better Incident Response

By simulating incidents, teams can refine their incident response plans and improve their ability to diagnose, troubleshoot, and recover from failures.

### 5. Data-Driven Decision Making

It provides valuable data and insights about how a system behaves under stress. This data can guide decision-making, inform architecture choices, and validate assumptions about system behavior.

### 6. Validating Redundancy

It validates the effectiveness of redundancy mechanisms and failover processes. This ensures that backup systems kick in seamlessly and maintain service availability when primary components fail.

### 7. Cultural Mindset Shift

Chaos engineering experiments promote a culture of embracing failure as a learning opportunity rather than a negative outcome. This mindset shift encourages teams to proactively seek out weaknesses and continuously improve their systems.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Challenges of Chaos Testing

While Chaos Testing offers numerous benefits, it also presents several challenges that organizations need to consider and address effectively:

### 1. Complexity of Systems

Modern software systems often consist of complex, distributed architectures with numerous interconnected components. Introducing chaos into such intricate systems can be challenging, as understanding potential interactions and impacts becomes more difficult.

### 2. Experiment Predictability

Chaos Tests might not always yield predictable outcomes. There's a risk that introducing disruptions might lead to unexpected results that are difficult to interpret or analyze.

### 4. Tooling and Automation

Integrating this approach into existing systems and processes can be complex. Ensuring smooth automation and result analysis is a challenge.

### 5. Cultural Resistance

Some organizations might resist the idea of intentionally causing disruptions, especially in production environments. Building a culture that embraces chaos engineering as a proactive approach can be challenging.

### 6. Production Impact

Even though chaos test cases are controlled, there's always a chance that a severe disruption could impact the production environment, causing unforeseen downtime or performance degradation.

### 7. Resource Intensiveness

Setting up a robust chaos testing environment requires additional resources, both in terms of infrastructure and personnel. This can lead to increased costs and operational overhead.

## How to Get Started with Chaos Testing?

**Step 1: Learn the Basics**

Begin by understanding the fundamentals. Research its purpose, benefits, and key principles. Familiarize yourself with tools like Chaos Toolkit, and Chaos Mesh. This foundational knowledge will help you grasp the purpose and potential of chaos testing.

**Step 2: Select a Target and Define Scenarios**

Define scenarios to start, such as funcionalities in the software than can break down under a heavy load. 

**Step 3: Set Up a Controlled Environment**

Create a dedicated testing environment that mirrors your production setup. Utilize cloud resources or isolated infrastructure to ensure the chaos tests don't impact real users. Configure monitoring tools to collect data on system behavior, response times, error rates, and other relevant metrics.

**Step 4: Conduct and Analyze Experiments**

Execute your defined experiments in the controlled environment. Monitor the system's response closely and gather data. Compare the actual outcomes with your expectations and hypotheses. Use the insights gained to iteratively improve the system's resilience, architecture, and configurations.

## Chaos Testing Examples

Chaotic Testing is beneficial in many cases, here's a list of the most common scenarios:

**High CPU load**

**Increased traffic**

**Failure of a microservices**

**Network delays**


## Chaos Testing vs Regular Testing

**Regular Testing** involves predefined test cases and follows established test plans, validating the software's adherence to specifications and catching bugs in controlled environments. Chaos engineering and testing employs proactive experimentation in a production-like setup to identify weaknesses that might not surface during Regular Testing.

While Regular Testing emphasizes expected outcomes and adherence to specifications, **Chaos Engineering** helps with improving resilience and the ability to recover from unforeseen failures. Chaos Testing requires specialized tools and environments to simulate real-world stress, while Regular Testing employs a variety of testing types such as unit, integration, [functional](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/what-is-functional-testing-types-and-examples/), and performance testing. 

## Chaos Engineering and DevOps

**Chaos Engineering aligns well with DevOps principles** of continuous improvement and proactive problem-solving. Both emphasize collaboration, automation in software development and operations. 

Chaos Engineering establishes a continuous feedback loop in [DevOps](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/testing-in-devops/) by simulating failures and disruptions in production-like environments. This feedback informs developers and operations teams about vulnerabilities and allows for iterative enhancements. 

Both Chaos Engineering and DevOps prioritize automation to streamline workflows. Chaos experiments can be automated within DevOps pipelines to ensure resilience testing is integrated into the development lifecycle.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Summary

Chaos Engineering aims to improve software development process and embrace failure as a learning opportunity to deliver the best possible product. This practice builds confidence among stakeholders, developers, and operations teams by demonstrating how systems behave under stress and ensuring they can handle unforeseen challenges robustly. 

Remember that Chaos Testing is an ongoing practice, and it's okay to start small and gradually expand. It's about continuous improvement, learning from failures, and building more robust systems over time.

## FAQ - Guide to Chaos Engineering

**What is Chaos Testing?**

Chaos Testing is a technique in software engineering where controlled experiments are conducted to deliberately introduce failures and disruptions into a system to assess its resilience and ability to recover.

**What Is a Chaos Monkey Testing?**

Chaos Monkey Testing involves using a tool like Netflix's Chaos Monkey to randomly terminate instances in a distributed system, simulating failures and ensuring that the system can handle such disruptions.

**What is the chaos monkey testing used for?**

Chaos Monkey Testing is used to validate a system's fault tolerance and its ability to maintain stability and performance even when individual components fail unexpectedly.

**Why do we need chaos testing?**

Chaos testing is essential to proactively identify weaknesses in a system, validate recovery mechanisms, and ensure that critical services can continue operating during unforeseen failures.

**What is the difference between chaos and stress testing?**

Chaos testing focuses on introducing controlled failures, while stress testing assesses the system's performance under extreme loads. Chaos testing aims to uncover vulnerabilities and recovery capabilities, whereas stress testing evaluates scalability and resource limits.


**What are the 4 benefits of doing chaos testing?**

- Improved system resilience through identifying weaknesses.

- Increased confidence in the system's ability to handle failures.

- Reduced downtime and impact on users during real failures.

- Enhanced collaboration between development and operations teams.


Happy (automated) testing!

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Chaos Testing: Everything You Need To Know

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

We have recently created a [list of YouTube channels](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/best-software-testing-youtube-channels/) dedicated to the testing industry. Every QA or QA wannabe could check the article and take the best that the world of software testing has to offer. 

What to do if you want to expand your knowledge or become a software tester but you just can't go to YouTube? Maybe you want to get the most of the time that you are driving or commuting or maybe your gym time? This is where a podcast can come to the rescue! Check our list of **The Best Podcasts the Software Testing** community has to offer.

## **1. TestGuild Automation Podcast**

![TestGuild Automation Podcast](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/1_1e1308b42e.png)

This podcast is hosted by **Joe Colantonio**, a prominent figure in the software testing world. This testing podcast focuses on a wide range of topics related to test automation, software testing, and quality assurance. It features interviews with industry experts, thought leaders, and practitioners who share insights, experiences, and best practices.

It is a very mature testing show as it started in 2014 and has about 500 episodes (!). It gives you a great perspective on the development of software engineering and testing in particular. 

PS - if you are interested in Devops - they have another podcast on this topic as well. 

Podcast Link: [https://testguild.com/podcasts/automation/](https://testguild.com/podcasts/automation/)


## **2. AB Testing**

![AB Testing](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/7_cbfd20caa3.png)

The hosts - **Alan Page and Brent Jensen** have a very pragmatic way of talking about testing. Just look at their mission statement, where the first bullet mentions that "Our priority is improving the business." By many it is considered as the best software testing podcast. It's a great example on how to have a modern testing show that is fun, engaging and helpful for your testing career. 

Their episodes last usually about 40 minutes and the show covers a wide array of topics as Agile, DevOps, Data Science. You will also find many information on testing tools, unit testing and stress testing. 

Podcast Link: [https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/abtesting](https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/abtesting)

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## **3. Testers’ Island Discs**

![Testers’ Island Discs](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/4_ffe44a8276.png)

This one is something else. Much more similar to a radio show than a true topic related only podcast. It is branded by **the Ministry of Testing**, hosted by **Neil Studd** and has a fun twist into it. Not only does the episode feature testing specialists from their professional perspective, but they really emulate being on an island. 

Guests are "bringing" their 5 favorite songs and 1 favorite book that they discuss with Neil. It will not only improve your testing skills but vastly expand your cultural horizons as well. Definitely one of the most unique podcasts for software test engineers. 

Podcast Link: [https://www.ministryoftesting.com/podcasts/5tjbat79z3](https://www.ministryoftesting.com/podcasts/5tjbat79z3)


## **4. Stop Coding Automation Podcast**

![Stop Coding Automation Podcast](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6_553f881f88.png)

Even though this podcast is strongly product related it is a great place especially for a junior test engineer. **Ajamo Adams** - the host and author of "Stop Coding, Learn to test automate without coding and get that automation testing job." shows many career paths in software testing. There are also some episodes on software development for those members of QA teams who wish to expand their knowledge in that direction. 

This show aims to provide useful tips to make you the most eligible candidate in a job interview. Easily one of the most useful podcasts on software testing for junior engineers. 

Podcast Link: [https://www.stopcoding.co.uk/podcast-1](https://www.stopcoding.co.uk/podcast-1)


## **5. The Guilty Tester**

![The Guilty Tester](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/2_883f4b8226.png)

That one has the impostor syndrome written all over the place doesn't it? It is one of the most popular testing podcasts not only due to quality, but by strongly stating that providing software quality is no bed of roses. You will find great information on what is and (which is not so common) is not useful nor future oriented for a software developer. 

For the whole 5 year life cycle **Dave Duke** - the host - covered different testing topics, testing practices and had many guests on his show. Definitely worth to be on the list of the top 10 podcasts. 

Podcast Link: [https://theguiltytester.libsyn.com/](https://theguiltytester.libsyn.com/#)


## **6. The Testing Show**

![The Testing Show](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/10_24f215ff21.png)

Hosted by **Matt Heusser** and **Michael Larsen**, the podcast delves into the intricate world of software testing, exploring a diverse set of topics and insights. Listeners can expect to gain insights into various testing approaches, best practices, and emerging technologies that impact the software testing landscape. 

Almost 150 episodes long and filled with information on the impact of test data, performance testing and AI influence on the testing world. You will easily know, that the hosts and guests have vast experience in quality assurance.

Podcast Link: [https://www.qualitestgroup.com/insights/podcasts/](https://www.qualitestgroup.com/insights/podcasts/)


## **7. Quality Sense Podcast**

![Quality Sense Podcast](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/8_2129a86e91.png)

**Frederico Toledo** the COO of Abstracta, interviews high quality software and test engineers. Many of them he considers his role models. The goal is to get advice that can help the listeners to become better testers and enable the teams to create higher quality software. 

This monthly podcast is cleanly divided into yearly seasons and features a great combination of international experts. It provides insights on today’s most pressing topics and good practices from the creators and collaborators of your favorite software testing tools, methodologies, conferences, etc.

Podcast Link: [https://abstracta.us/software-testing-podcast](https://abstracta.us/software-testing-podcast)

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## **8. Testing One-on-One**

![Testing One-on-One](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/5_b900d23cad.png)

We had some podcasts that fall into a separate category called "Oh, how we wish it was longer". 33 episodes long, hosted by **Rob Lambert & Joel Montvelisky**, the podcast focuses on the questions that the hosts receive from engineers. 

Each episode lasts about half an hour and covers one problem and a set of related topics. One of the reasons it was unique - Rob and Joel used their experience to show not only the technical aspects of the job, but the management perspective as well.

Podcast Link: [https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/testing-one-on-one/id1444720864](https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/testing-one-on-one/id1444720864)

## **9. Test & Code: Python Testing**

![Test & Code: Python Testing](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/3_017a85b9a6.png)

Hosted by **Brian Okken**, a prominent figure in the Python testing realm, the podcast delves into the intricacies of testing Python code. Each episode explores a variety of testing topics, ranging from unit testing, TDD and test automation to tools you need within the Python ecosystem. 

The 200+ episodes are a true gem for all python programming engineers. Listeners can expect to gain a deeper understanding of testing methodologies, techniques, and strategies tailored to the this language. 

Podcast Link: [https://testandcode.com/](https://testandcode.com/)


## **10. The Evil Tester Show**

![The Evil Tester Show](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/9_84ef34deec.png)

The podcast covers a wide range of topics related to software testing, test automation, Agile methodologies, and more. **Alan Richardson** shares his insights, experiences, and practical tips for testers and automation enthusiasts. 

The host is not afraid to share some controversial opinions - "Manual QA is dead" says his 17th episode. This testing podcasts consists of episodes between 10 and 30+ minutes. There is a lot important lessons learned there. It covers the technical testing skills but also some soft skills as well.

Podcast Link: [https://www.eviltester.com/show/](https://www.eviltester.com/show/)


## Conclusion

Our list of **Top 10 Software Testing Podcasts** features content for every team of developers there is. We hope this guide will help you to choose the one you will focus on first. 

Podcasting is a business on it own nowadays and provides lots and lots of interesting content. We assume that if you would like to listen to each episode of each mentioned show, you will take 2 years and a bit. Enjoy! :)


Happy (automated) testing!

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Best Software Testing Podcasts to Follow in 2023

Test Automation Best Practices. What and How to Automate

5 Best Regression Testing Tools 

10 Tips on Finding Bugs in Your Code

Unit Testing vs End-to-End Testing: Key Differences

How to Become Automated Test Engineer? 

Atomic Test Cases - the Ultimate Guide

Parallel Testing: A Guide for Software Testers

Best Software Testing YouTube Channels for QA in 2023

Benefits of CI/CD Pipeline Implementation

Quality Engineering vs Quality Assurance: Goals & Differences

Automation Tester: The Most Important Skills in 2023

SaaS Testing Guide: All You Need to Know

Best Selenium Practice Websites in 2023

Record and Play vs Coded Automation Testing - How To Choose What Works For Your Team?

Agile Testing Quadrants

Best Chrome Extensions for Software Testers

Chrome DevTools Introduction

Testing Pyramid: A Successful Approach to Test Automation

Agile Testing – Organized Chaos or a Planned Way of Improving Your Software?

Top Automation Testing Tools (updated June 2022)

The Beginner’s Guide to Software Testing: Basics, Types, and Methodologies

Testing in DevOps

What is Smoke Testing?

What is Regression Testing? Everything You Need To Know

What is Functional Testing? Types and Examples

How You Can Become a Software Tester

What is End-to-End (E2E) Testing?

Bad Software Testing Strategies

5 Challenges of Introducing Automated Tests

The Software Testing Market & The Business Outcomes of Its Growth in 2021

7 Trends in Automated Testing in 2021

A Manual Tester: 10 reasons That Make This Job Interesting

10 Features Every Test Automation Tool Should Have

New Era in Testing Industry – Trends in 2021

Role of The Tester in The IT Project

IT Industry in The Coronavirus Era Not Always Wins. What Risks Should You Be Aware Of?

Scrum Testing: QA on an Agile Team 

Why is Software Testing Important?

Shift Left Testing Explained

Specflow: 8 Steps to Use Behavior-Driven Development To Improve Team Performance

How to Create a Test Plan? Steps and Examples for Software Testing

Test Plan Template For Test Automation Process

Test Case vs Test Scenario: Compare, Contrast and How to 

What is Compatibility Testing?

Test Plan vs Test Strategy: Goals & Differences

End-to-End Testing vs Integration Testing: Key differences

How to Write Automation Test Cases? 

Reliable, modern end-to-end test automation tool that improves testers’ and developers’ work.


Before you release your product into the market, it is extremely important to properly test whether it’s functioning as intended. To do that, software developers utilize a variety of testing techniques that verify the software’s integrity. To thoroughly check their software from start to finish, developers implement **End-to-End testing**, often simply called **E2E** testing – an elaborate technique that mimics end user experience. 

There are many layers to End to End testing, as it is one of the most complex testing methods. This type of testing involves testing every part of your software that the end-user interacts with in any imaginable way.

With this guide, we want to show you the importance of E2E tests, as well as tell you precisely what they are, including a few specific examples.

**Also see:** if you're new to software automation, take a look at this [beginner's guide to automation with step-by-step screenshots](https://docs.bugbug.io/in-depth-guides/beginners-tutorial-to-automation-testing).

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

## What exactly is End-to-End testing?

**End-to-End testing** is one of the most useful and informative techniques for software testing, providing valuable data about the inner workings of the program from the end-user perspective. With E2E testing, developers can thoroughly verify the behaviour of their software. During the test, you will be trying to replicate key user behaviour scenarios when using your software. The actual list of things to do varies, depending on the type of software you’re testing – but in all cases, it is rather extensive.

When performing a software testing method, like an End-to-End test on a web application, you would start with opening your browser and navigating to the proper URL, and then proceeding to use the software as intended for the end-user.

Similarly, in the case of a regular desktop application or mobile application, you would open the app just like a user would, checking out every bit of functionality that is intended for the users to work with. Keep in mind that during E2E testing you won’t need to check developer-specific aspects of the software, only the end-user perspective if it is important to you.

## End-to-End test goals

During an E2E test, your goal is to verify all of the dependencies and data integrity that directly or indirectly influence the reception of the software by the end-user. This usually includes any external services, as well as databases used by the software and metrics, as well as any other system dependencies. 

E2E tests will ideally be performed in the production environment, but this isn’t always possible. The tests can, of course, be performed in an independent End-to-End testing environment, but you should make sure it is as close to the production environment as possible.

Within the SDLC process, E2E tests are performed in the Testing phase, which is situated after Coding and before Deployment. 
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Why is End-to-End testing important?

Is End-to-End testing necessary? It is true that more and more developers make sure to implement an E2E testing phase before the final deployment of their software. There are many benefits to E2E tests, but the most crucial ones are:

- The ability to verify software performance from the end-user perspective
- Testing verifies not only the software itself but also any interrelated sub systems, increasing test coverage
- Validation of back-end systems
- Immediate end-user-like feedback on test failing

While tests such as unit testing or integration testing are very useful (functional testing), allowing you to verify the working of each component and providing quick results, they don’t give you the whole picture. By not performing E2E tests, you won’t know how the experience of using your software will look like from the end-user perspective.

For example, individual component testing (integration tests) might show promising results and full functionality. However, when combined, something goes wrong and produces a bug. By only checking individual components, you wouldn’t be able to find out about the bug. 

With a proper End-to-End test, you can verify whether everything works correctly together as it should. Even integration testing doesn’t cover all of the system components of your software, and you might never know whether every aspect of your app clicks together.

E2E testing doesn’t necessarily have to discover bugs – it can also give you useful insight into the user scenario of your product. Overall, all types of tests play their respective roles in the whole vertical end-to-end testing process (differently to horizontal end-to-end tests). Just because E2E tests give you a more complex understanding of your software as a whole doesn’t mean that other test types are less valuable. 

Before releasing your app, always make sure to proceed with a thought-through testing strategy. However, while they’re certainly extremely useful, keep in mind that E2E tests occupy the top of the testing pyramid, making them the most expensive and most difficult to perform.

End-to-End testing is also one of the few functional types of tests that can be performed manually, as well as automated - which is done especially often in Continuous Integration. In such a scenario, a chosen set of tests can be run automatically each time a new iteration is uploaded to the testing server.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Benefits of end-to-end testing

One of the goals of this software testing technique is to simulate the end-user's perspective. This means that this type of testing helps to verify not only the security or performance, but the business aspect as well. It will check whether the software collects and processes data as it was designed to do. End-to-end testing is essential for a comprehensive validation of your product. This testing ensures that all integrated parts of the application work together as expected.

Another purpose of E2E testing is to mitigate risks. E2E testing verifies if the software is ready for deployment. The confidence in stability is a crucial factor which the stakeholders consider while approving the next release. 

There are obviously much more obvious benefits of this form of testing (like bug fixing or testing across different user scenarios), but we described them already in this article.

## End-to-End Testing Framework

Alright, so now you know what End-to-End testing is – but how to exactly implement it? There is a wide variety of checks and individual tests that must be covered by your end-to-end testing plan, some of which include:

- Establishing test requirements in the preparation phase (including software and hardware requirements)
- Creating proper documentation
- Deciding what type of test environment will be used (production environment or independent test environment)
- Preparation of test cases and general E2E design
- Tracking of data input and output
- Test execution and evaluation

When executing E2E testing methods, developers usually follow an established E2E testing framework that guides you throughout the process, enumerating various tasks and responsibilities. The framework is relatively simple and consists of only three elements:

### Establish user functions

The User Functions relates to listing the features of your software, as well as all of its interconnected software systems. To properly measure and test software functionality, you need to first think about what you’re going to test. After you’re finished with listing user functions, remember to record everything relevant to each of them, including both the input and output data. Since E2E testing can be considered holistic, you also need to pay attention to all of the relations between every individual function – how they work together and whether there are any clashes.

### Come up with specific conditions

Now that you have established the user functions you’re going to test, you need to think about the testing conditions. Try to come up with as many quantifiable indicators that can be measured for each of the functions. These can range from response time to consistency of data flow, to simple convenience of use. Remember – you’re trying to imagine yourself as an end-user, so try to keep track of anything that might be an issue for a non-developer.

### Create individual test cases

Finally, before the E2E testing can commence, you need to prepare specific test cases for each of the conditions. At this point, you have prepared a list of user functions to test, as well as data conditions that will be measured during the test. Now, you need to create at least one test case for each of the conditions. By test cases, we mean user scenarios during which specific indicators will be able to be measured.

And by test case preparation status, we mean the precise location of the test instances being developed, as compared to intended test cases.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## End-to-end test cases for your testing process

Congratulations, you’ve almost reached the end! At this point, you should pretty much be a walking fountain of knowledge about End-to-End tests. However, the raw theory is one thing, and implementing those types of tests for system testing in reality is another. To make the process a bit more digestible, consider this End-to-End testing example for a website with shopping functionality:

- Go to the specified URL
- Open a list of products
- Check whether the information on the list correlates with specific product pages
- Try to add the product to the cart and look for visible confirmation
- Navigate to the cart and check whether the product has been successfully added
- Double-check all of the relevant information (price, product info, etc.)
- Proceed with the check-out and verify payment options integration

See how simple it is in the end? Now you can implement E2E testing methodology in your software to ensure better end-user reception, increase your product quality, and build a positive brand image.

This is just a high level example. If you would like to learn how to create a proper test case from start to end, please check out our article on [test case creation](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/how-to-write-automation-test-cases/). You will have a better understanding on how to design test cases for manual and automatic testing. Also check out our other topics in our testing guide. 

## End to End testing tools

Proper tools may play a crucial role in reducing your effort by automating your end-to-end tests. These tools provide a range of features and capabilities to support horizontal testing and vertical testing of the entire system. They allow testers to perform comprehensive testing processes. Choosing a proper tool for testing is typically a long-term investment. If you research and choose a tool that will enable you to execute and record complex user scenarios and allow testing across multiple technologies, your job will be way easier. 

One of the tools that meet such requirements is BugBug. This automated testing tool proved its efficiency for many clients. On the picture below you might see how many steps might an end-to-end scenario actually have.

![n example of a passed test with a proper output statement.](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/88bc1d9e_16f8_4e1a_b33d_15e2a8d17cdf_cdfc84abfc.webp)

## Summary

End-to-end testing is a type of testing that focuses on validating the whole system from start to finish rather then testing individual functionalities. It is often seen as a software testing methodology, but it is not the case. It may be a part of a methodology (i.e. Agile testing) but it is by definition a type of software testing. 

Performing end-to-end testing covers an important task of checking data flows and focuses on testing if any functional gaps occur. This type of testing is necessary to verify if the software is ready for the next release cycle.

## Frequently Asked Questions

1. **What is automated testing?** \
Automated testing in software development is a form of software testing that uses the execution of predefined sets of operations to probe and validate the software system. The fundamental purpose of automation testing in software development is to generate objective feedback about the quality of the product. One such testing tool is Selenium. It can run UI tests. The ideal situation is to run E2E tests with both manual testing and automated testing approaches. If your application has a lot of complicated user interfaces, you'll need more end-to-end testing.

2. **What is software development lifecycle?** \
Software development lifecycle (SDLC) is the process used by developers to create, deploy and maintain software. This process includes several steps that are all closely connected with one another. These steps include requirements gathering, analysis and design, coding and testing.

3. **What is a testing pyramid?** \
In software development projects, we have limited time and resources. This is why it's important to consider our test efforts carefully and find the right balance between different types of testing. Basically, there are 3 layers in the testing pyramid: Unit Tests, Integration Tests, and E2E Tests.

3. **What is a selector?** \
A selector is a small piece of code that describes a specific button in your app. It allows you to clearly define what should be clicked in automated end-to-end tests. You can learn more about selectors using [this interactive XPath learning tool](https://bugbug.io/xpath-selector-builder/?ref=blogarticle)



Happy (automated) testing!


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Professional Quality Evangelist, experienced in testing web and mobile applications.  
[linkedin.com/in/kinga-witko-b5bba659/](https://linkedin.com/in/kinga-witko-b5bba659/)

Kinga Witko

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

The term “shift left” expresses movement. It can describe the movement of an entire team or individuals.
What does it do in a project or an entire development lifecycle? Putting it simply,  it reflects the position of testing on a timeline. 

**Shift Left means testing earlier in the development process.** It also means repositioning the engagement, development, and testing efforts towards the customer.


Typically, in a traditional (waterfall) model of software making, testing lands at the end of the pipeline or is one of the last phases of the process. Bringing testing at the very last stage usually causes many problems such as:

- delays in the deployment
- a lot of bugs at the end of the development lifecycle
- bugs discovered just before or after the release to production
- lack of collaboration between developers and testers through the entire process.

Poor software quality is one of the most harmful consequences of all of these pains listed above.

At first, the team members do not communicate with each other and they fail to communicate the problems early. 

It must not necessarily be a bug; sometimes there is some issue with the application setup, there is no testing environment, access to certain resources (such as specific tooling or external software providers), the task description is vague, or the team setup is incorrect. 

If communicated and fixed earlier, the entire process can be smoother and cause less frustration in the team. It also encourages people to focus more on the code quality and to deliver earlier and faster.

Most of those issues can be avoided by changing the style of working and shifting testing efforts at the beginning of the process.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Agile way of working

If you care about the quality of your product, your mindset has probably shifted left already.

This approach is strongly connected with the agile way of thinking and using agile work methods in software projects.


In this setup, testing is an integrated part of the team and accelerates software development at higher quality. As a result, testers can identify bugs sooner, saving time and effort. Notably, the earlier you test, the less expensive bugs are to fix.


[T The Seven Testing Principles (ISTQB)](https://www.istqb.org/downloads/syllabi/foundation-level-syllabus.html) tell that testing everything is not possible unless a system or functionality is very simple. In practice, however,  the testing efforts should be targeted appropriately at the risk analysis, techniques, and bugs prioritization rather than be attempted thorough testing. 


One of the good methods of approaching testing strategy for a specific application can be the guideline from [Agile Testing Quadrants](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/agile-testing-quadrants/). The quadrants are a taxonomy to help teams plan the testing process and testing activities and make sure they have all the resources they need to accomplish it.


## Shift Left approach and DevOps and agile background

With the rise of the DevOps movement, there is an increased focus on delivering automated, continuous improvement. It holds true for development and testing alike.

What is more, Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Delivery (CD) are core software development disciplines integrated into the agile software development cycle. The point is to release fully-tested and stable builds early and as often as possible. Development, delivery, and test automation are crucial components of this process. 

## What it means to “Shift Left”

As mentioned at the beginning, Shift Left testing pushes testing to the “left”, to the earlier stages in the pipeline. This improves software quality and reduces time spent on resolving issues later in the pipeline.

Introducing testing early on the “left-side” of the development process, starting with unit tests and complementing with functional and integration tests is fundamental to making CI/CD happen. But that may not be enough.

The team can go even further: to eliminate unclear and contradicting requirements and improve the end-user experience, it is best to involve test engineers in the clarifying and prioritising application requirements. Test engineers can check the available or newly created requirements or user stories for clarity, consistency, testability, and traceability.

This also improves the shift towards client happiness. An early review of the requirements and spotting the flaws marks an early start of the communication with the end-user. 

The Shift Left approach introduces more care and thought exchange concerning the client. The team can be perceived as more proactive and more dedicated to the best quality standards of a project.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Benefits of Shift Left Testing for Agile and Devops teams

Agile teams benefit most from Shift Left Testing in terms of clearer specifications, smoother implementations, earlier testing, and reduced costs. However, Shift Right Testing has more benefits like the ability to incorporate user and system feedback based on real usage scenarios. 

In opposition to testing early, Shift Right can provide an additional context to the testing scenarios. Shifting right means testing at the end of the process, typically when the software is deployed to production (the post-production environment). 

It is performed by a group of experts or selected end-users. It can utilize testing methods such as API Monitoring, using Feature Toggles, or measuring the performance of a live application. 

This helps to understand the application better and discover some other flaws that could have been omitted earlier.

Nevertheless, when quality comes first:

- developers spend more time on coding because they discuss potentially good solutions - they do not investigate who pushes the code first into production without testing

- there are Unit Tests beside the application code, available and maintainable

- there is an infrastructure that allows testing before pushing to production, usually the entire team is responsible for the process health

- there is room for improvement and mistakes

- developers pair up to catch obvious errors on the fly and learn from one another

- teams estimate tasks together, taking quality and risks into account

- potential risks in the systems are spotted and minimized rather than left alone

And finally - the application is tested - not only by one automated or manual test  but by a set of different functional and non-functional scenarios. 

The tests are regularly reviewed, adjusted, and observed. This approach introduces a new way of working and highlights the value of testing.


## Benefits of the Shift-Left Testing approach

The idea of shift left testing is simple to understand but hard to implement in the development cycle. It is worth the effort though, especially when the team and the entire organization understands the main benefits of this approach, such as:

- Lower costs - as explained above, bugs detected earlier are less expensive to fix.

- Increased efficiency in the software development process.

- Improved product quality and reliability because more bugs are detected at earlier stages.

- Reduced time to market since the QA process covers the entire development cycle, not only its’ last phase.

- A competitive advantage gained by letting development teams move fast, build and defend their credibility by innovating in iterations.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Get started with “Shift Left” Testing in Agile

How to approach the change and switch to early software testing? Here is the basic list: 


1. **Plan**

Shape development in a way that is friendly to Shift Left testing. Once the requirements have been established, developers and testers should ideate how to shape the coding and software testing as early as possible. 


Depending on the product expectations as well as the limitations of the team, specific strategies, such as involving testers in the project since the planning phase or using the TDD approach, might have to be crafted to accommodate the Shift Left way of working.


2.** Review the requirements**

It is best to verify not only the existing code but also all the requirements necessary for the code to be written. Early verification can spot obvious mistakes.


3. **Use Static Code Analysis**

Static code analysis is the practice of checking the code without executing it. It runs through the basic code structure and ensures that the code is aligned with many standards and guidelines. By following the approach the team can early detect:

- Programming errors

- Violations of commonly followed coding standards

- Syntax anomalies

- Security issues

A static code analysis is best done via automation. The software should scan all untested codes in a project before it moves to the test phase.

4. **Collaborate**

As in any other [agile testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/agile-testing-organized-chaos-or-a-planned-way-of-improving-your-software/) technique - early software testing requires a lot of collaboration with the team: Developers, Product Managers, Business Analysts, and other stakeholders responsible for the overall product. 

Everybody needs to understand the value of the Shift Left approach and spot the difference after some time of the new process introduction because as a result, the client benefits from better software quality and receives a lovable product.

## Conclusion for Left Shift Testing in test automation

There are a number of benefits to left shift testing in test automation. One of the primary benefits is that it helps to identify defects earlier in the development cycle. This means that defects can be caught and addressed before they become more complex and costly to fix. In addition, left shift testing can help to reduce the overall time and effort required for testing by identifying and addressing issues earlier in the process.

Another benefit of left shift testing in test automation is that it can help to improve the quality of the software being developed. By identifying and addressing defects earlier in the process, developers can ensure that the software they are creating is of higher quality and meets the requirements of the end-users.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


One of the keys to successful left shift testing in test automation is to incorporate testing into the development process **from the very beginning**. This means that testing is not an afterthought or an additional step at the end of the development process, but rather an integral part of the development process itself. Test automation tools and frameworks can be used to automate testing activities and make it easier to incorporate testing into the development process.

It is also important to involve testers in the development process as early as possible. This allows them to provide feedback and identify potential issues before they become more complex and difficult to fix. Testers can also work with developers to ensure that the code being developed is testable, and that the testing process is efficient and effective.

Overall, **left shift testing is an important approach in test automation that can help to improve the quality of software, reduce testing time and effort, and identify defects earlier in the development process**. By incorporating testing into the development process from the very beginning, developers and testers can work together to create software that is of higher quality and meets the needs of the end-users.

Happy (automated) testing!

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Guides to Automation

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Testing Tools for Web Application - The Ultimate Guide 2023

Testing is an ever-present part of a software developer’s job, performed at every stage of the production process. There is a wide range of test types used for software testing, some performed at various points during production, and some performed after production to confirm that the software functions as intended.

Regression testing is performed on a product that has already been finished and released. How exactly is it performed? What are the objectives and how does the procedure look? If you’re keen to find out, keep on reading as we explain everything you should know about regression testing.

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

## The definition of Regression Testing

**Regression testing** is a software testing method that aims to investigate and locate any possible flaws or bugs in software that has already been fully developed. Regression Testing is performed to find out whether your software has regressed (surprise, surprise) as you continue introducing new updates and bug fixes. Whenever a piece of software is changed in any way, new bugs might emerge and some of the older ones re-emerge.

Most often, regression testing is performed immediately after introducing a new update, but it isn’t the only factor that might call for the test. If any software or hardware-related factor has changed, regression testing should be committed to find out whether everything performs as it has before the change. 

This can include any sort of bug fixes and software changes, but regression might also be caused by hardware configuration changes and electronic component degradation over time. Regression testing isn’t easy – it requires cooperation and diligence out of all of the team members, which makes it perfect for agile software development practices.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Regression Testing process

As with most testing efforts regression testing is an art rather than science. Let us describe the regression testing process that our development team uses. You may then use and adapt it to your existing test strategy. As regression testing is a type of testing that occurs whenever any change in your software occurs, the smartest way to start is to..

### Identify code changes

This will allow you to asses the number of test cases for regression testing that will need to be created. The testing team will need information on the impact that the current changes may have on the whole application. This is done also during this step.

### Prioritize changes

You finished step one with a list. Now you need to create a queue out of it. By proper prioritizing the changes in your software application you reduce the amount of time you will use on 

### Select for re-run

This is the part where the selection of test cases is performed. After the first test is done, test cases are categorized into reusable and obsolete ones. The reusable ones create a regression test suite. The others are will not be used for regression. 

### Categorize manual and automated regression test cases

Here is where the test automation actually begins. Test cases that occur more often within one process are perfect candidates to for the automation tool to do the work for you. If you want to automate tests in a fast and efficient way, try BugBug as your tool for regression testing. You will soon find out that it is great to reduce regression testing costs.

### Prioritize test cases

Here is where regression testing becomes a tad tricky. One would think, that the most often occurring test cases should have the biggest priority, right? Well the theory on that one is a tad different. The need for regression testing, therefor the priority, is the highest for those cases, that cover all essential features. The lowest on the other hand are stated as "technical complexities". 

### Plan and execute

This one is rather obvious, but we have to put it here. After doing all the analysis, you have to plan when regression testing is done and "push the execute button". 

## Regression Testing techniques

Regression testing can include various functional and non-functional tests in its process to thoroughly investigate the software in search of flaws. There are also many techniques with which developers and QA specialists perform regression testing, including:

- Retest All
- Regression Test Selection
- Test Case Prioritization
- Hybrid approach

### Retest All – an accurate yet expensive solution

**The Retest All ** technique is the most accurate and all-around method of regression testing, but it is also the most expensive one. In Retest All, every test case is checked again on the software to confirm if all of its parts are working as intended. That’s all there is to Retest All – it might be simple in definition, but it is definitely the hardest and most costly technique to actually perform.

### Regression Test Selection – when you realize you might not have enough for a Retest All

**Regression Test Selection** has been designed as a solution to the expensive nature of the Retest All technique. In RTS we don’t run all of the tests in our test suite, but instead we divide all of the tests into three categories – reusable test cases, retestable test cases, and obsolete test cases. In addition, RTS might actually create new test cases that haven’t been in the suite before, but might be relevant for regression tests.

If you’re interested in finding out more about regression testing examples, we recommend taking a look at Understanding Regression Testing Techniques by Gaurav Duggal and Bharti Suri. The authors further divide RTS techniques, naming two most important categories – coverage techniques and minimization techniques, and explain what are safe techniques.

**Coverage techniques** feature specific coverage criteria, often provided by the client who wants their software regression tested. These techniques sift through all test cases, selecting only the ones that are relevant for the covered parts of your software. **Minimization techniques** work in a way similar to coverage techniques, but instead of selecting cases based on set criteria, you select a minimum set of cases that you think will do the job.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

### Test Case Prioritization – a rational approach

**Test Case Prioritization** aims to maximize the rate of fault detection, creating the most thorough regression test for the lowest cost. First you prioritize the test cases one by one. Then all of them are performed in order, starting from the most important one and finishing on the least important one. Thanks to that, even if your resources aren’t enough to perform all of the tests in your suite, you will still perform the ones that should detect the most flaws.

**TSP** might be performed in two ways – the first one, called **General Prioritization**, selects test cases that should be effective (on average) on all versions of the software you’re working with. The other way, called Version Specific **Prioritization**, only takes into account a specific version of the software, without considering other existing or potential future versions.

### Hybrid approach – the best of both worlds

When choosing one technique of regression testing is impossible – why not combine the best features of Regression Test Selection and Test Case Prioritization? 

The hybrid approach is still being developed, and every researcher gives a personal spin on the idea. Since there isn’t an exact definition of what a hybrid approach actually is, there are tons of versions available – each one with its own upsides and downsides.

## Regression Testing tools

Regression testing ensures that each version of your software runs smoothly. We have described various regression testing techniques, but our article would not be complete without a few hints of what tool to use for proper test execution. 

Regression testing is used on an incremented basis. Each release of your software means building another layer of an already high pile of multiple regression test cases. A good tool will allow you to perform regression tests without writing a single line of code. 

If you want a specific list of tools, please redirect to our article [HERE](https://bugbug.io/blog/guides/testing-tools-for-web-application/).

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Disadvantages of regression testing

Well now that's a shocker isn't it? We have many articles on testing in the BugBug blog, and never have I ever wrote anything negative about testing. Until now. We found four "buts" on regression testing and we tried to tackle them immediately.

- "but regression testing is time consuming" - yes, but only if you only perform a manual test, this is why selecting a good testing tool is essential
- "but you have to do it after even the smallest patch" - yes, but this is why you build a good regression cycle. You store all the recurring tests and only build a few on top of them for that given patch. It is like CI/CD for your testing process
- "but that process might interfere with the sprint planning" - only if you do regression tests without automation. Think of it from a business perspective - would you have a task that goes cross-sprint or a large bug in the production environment?
- "but it is difficult, to write those test cases" - ah, an oldie but a goodie. There are great no-code regression testing tools. Those might be used not only by QA or other technical personnel but by a PM. Such a person would be even able to automate the test or record and recreate it. 

Regression testing is one of the key ways to have your code thoroughly checked and ready to start earning you money!

## Conclusion – is Regression Testing necessary?

As you have already learned, regression testing plays a key role in keeping the quality of your software as high as possible for as long as possible. Updates and changes to your software might introduce new problems, which is exactly why regression testing is so important – to keep user experience high throughout all iterations of your program.

Not all projects require regression testing, of course. In projects that are already finished and won’t be further updated, regression testing is mostly irrelevant. However, if you are planning to continue development further – never forget to properly regression test your software before releasing an update.


Happy (automated) testing!

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              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">"We always wanted to automate, but didn't have resources. BugBug empowered us to do so. Very simple, quick to use, and looks really cool!"</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Kris, CEO, Innential</div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="cms-testimonials-item">
            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__icon"><img src="https://assets.website-files.com/62826448121477c0eb54a773/633456764c0c618517865056_bugbug-quote-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="" class="cms-testimonials-item__icon-img"></div>
            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__texts">
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">"It works great! BugBug saves me hours of monotonous work writing and maintaining tests."</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Martin, Python developer</div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="cms-testimonials-row">
          <div class="cms-testimonials-item">
            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__icon"><img src="https://assets.website-files.com/62826448121477c0eb54a773/633456764c0c618517865056_bugbug-quote-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="" class="cms-testimonials-item__icon-img"></div>
            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__texts">
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">"BugBug is a great choice for our business because it is easily accessible and intuitive. In the free plan, it offers tools that meet our daily needs."</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Mariana Barbosa, Azzo Tecnologia</div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="cms-testimonials-item">
            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__icon"><img src="https://assets.website-files.com/62826448121477c0eb54a773/633456764c0c618517865056_bugbug-quote-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="" class="cms-testimonials-item__icon-img"></div>
            <div class="cms-testimonials-item__texts">
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__main-text">“A very interesting software testing tool that allows you to run automated tests without any programming knowledge.”</div>
              <div class="cms-testimonials-item__author">— Michał, QA Engineer</div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
   </div>

<style>

.cms-testimonials-row {
  display: -webkit-box;
  display: -webkit-flex;
  display: -ms-flexbox;
  display: flex;
  padding-bottom: 32px;
  grid-column-gap: 32px;
  grid-row-gap: 32px;
}

.cms-testimonials-item {
  display: -webkit-box;
  display: -webkit-flex;
  display: -ms-flexbox;
  display: flex;
  -webkit-box-align: start;
  -webkit-align-items: flex-start;
  -ms-flex-align: start;
  align-items: flex-start;
  -webkit-box-flex: 0;
  -webkit-flex: 0 33.33%;
  -ms-flex: 0 33.33%;
  flex: 0 33.33%;
  grid-column-gap: 16px;
}

.cms-testimonials-item__main-text {
  min-height: 100px;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  color: #666;
  font-size: 18px;
  line-height: 1.6em;
  font-style: italic;
  letter-spacing: 0em;
}

.cms-testimonials-item__icon {
  width: 64px;
  height: 64px;
  -webkit-box-flex: 0;
  -webkit-flex: 0 0 auto;
  -ms-flex: 0 0 auto;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.cms-testimonials-item__author {
  min-height: 100px;
  color: #666;
  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 1.6em;
  text-align: right;
  letter-spacing: 0em;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 991px) {
  .cms-testimonials-row {
    -webkit-flex-wrap: wrap;
    -ms-flex-wrap: wrap;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
  }

  .cms-testimonials-item {
    -webkit-flex-basis: 100%;
    -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%;
    flex-basis: 100%;
  }
}


@media screen and (max-width: 479px) {
  .cms-testimonials-item__main-text {
    min-height: 0px;
    font-size: 18px;
  }

  .cms-testimonials-item__author {
    min-height: 0px;
    font-size: 13px;
  }
}
</style>


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