🚀 NEW: Pop-up Windows Recording - [See how to test seamlessly OAuth integrations](https://docs.bugbug.io/recording-tests-steps/record-pop-up-window-actions)

Software Testing Knowledge

Application Consultant working as a Tech Writer


[https://www.linkedin.com/in/dominikdurejko/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/dominikdurejko/)

Dominik Szahidewicz

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

**Playwright** is an open-source automation library for web testing and automation. It allows developers to write scripts that can control a web browser and perform actions just like a human would, such as clicking on elements, typing text, navigating through pages, and capturing screenshots. 

Playwright supports multiple browsers, including Chrome, Firefox, and WebKit, which allows for cross-browser testing. It provides a powerful API to automate web interactions and is capable of running tests in headless mode (without a browser UI) for faster execution. 

![Playwright cheat sheet](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Euoz_XOBWYA_Uyn_V9_d1c6cf4a22.jpeg)

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 

Playwright is often used for [end-to-end testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/what-is-end-to-end-testing/), ensuring that web applications work as expected. It's a project maintained by Microsoft and is part of their modern testing toolset that also includes tools like Selenium and Cypress.

Let's dive into a comprehensive cheat sheet which can help you with mastering Playwright. 

## Why Use Playwright?

![playwright](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Playwright_f756dfe521.png)

It enables interaction with elements of a web page, handling tasks from inputting text to asserting the visibility of a key element. Its robust API supports automation scenarios such as navigating browsers, managing cookies, and capturing dialog boxes. 

Playwright tests can emulate complex user interactions with a web's structure, including selecting items from a list, clicking on labels, or handling CSS [selectors](https://docs.bugbug.io/preventing-failed-tests/selectors). 

Compared to tools like Cypress, Playwright offers cross-browser testing capabilities and the flexibility to write tests in multiple programming languages. Developers can write Playwright code to automate and interact with web elements, ensuring their applications work as intended in different environments.

**Check out also our other Cheat Sheets:**

- [Cypress Cheat Sheet](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/cypress-cheat-sheet/)

- [Selenium Cheat Sheet](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/selenium-cheat-sheet/)

- [The Ulitimate Xpath Cheat Sheet](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/the-ultimate-xpath-cheat-sheet/)

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 

### Browsers

In Playwright, a **Browser** represents an instance of a web browser. It's not just limited to a single tab or window; rather, it's the actual program itself, like an instance of Chrome or Firefox. When you start a browser through Playwright, you're effectively opening the application which can then contain multiple web pages and contexts.

### Contexts

A **BrowserContext** is an independent incarnation of a browser environment within Playwright. It can be thought of as an incognito session where no state is shared with other browser contexts. 

This isolation is particularly useful for simulating multiple sessions or users in testing scenarios. Each context can have its own cookies, local storage, and session information, and you can have multiple contexts within the same browser instance.

### Pages

A **Page** in Playwright is akin to a single tab or window in a web browser. It provides methods to interact with and control a single web page. Actions such as navigating to URLs, interacting with page content, and evaluating JavaScript within the context of the web page are done at this level. Pages live within a browser context, and you can have multiple pages within a single context.

### Understanding Selectors and Elements

**Selectors** are the means by which Playwright identifies elements on a web page to interact with. They can be CSS selectors, XPath selectors, text selectors, or even custom selectors defined by the user. Once a selector is defined, Playwright can perform actions on the element it points to, such as clicking, typing, or reading text.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 

**Elements**, or more specifically *ElementHandles*, are objects that reference an element on a page. Once you have an ElementHandle, you can perform actions on that element, and it will ensure that the element is available and not stale. This is useful for interacting with elements that may not be immediately available due to dynamic content loading and other asynchronous behavior common in modern web applications.

### The Playwright API Structure

The Playwright API is designed to be intuitive and straightforward. It mirrors the structure of a web browsing experience at a high level while providing detailed control at the lower levels. The API is organized around the following hierarchy:

-   **Browser**: Methods to control browser-level actions, such as launching or closing a browser.

-   **BrowserContext**: Methods to manage contexts, like creating new contexts or closing them, along with setting context-wide options (e.g., viewport size, geolocation, permissions).

-   **Page**: Methods to interact with and control a web page, like navigating to a URL, selecting elements, and executing page-level scripts.

-   **ElementHandle**: Methods to perform actions on individual elements, such as clicking, typing into inputs, or retrieving properties and text content.

## Playwright Test Automation Cheat Sheet 

### Installation Guide:

1.  Ensure Node.js (version 12 or above) is installed.

2.  Run npm i -D playwright to install Playwright and browser binaries.

3.  Verify the installation with npx playwright --version.

**Configuring Playwright for different browsers:**

1.  Install the necessary browser binaries via npx playwright install <browser> where <browser> can be chromium, firefox, or webkit.

2.  Configure the desired browser in the script by using `playwright.<browserType>()`.

### Creating your first script:

1.  Create a new JavaScript file (e.g., `firstScript.js`).

2.  Import Playwright using 
`const { chromium } = require('playwright');`.

3.  Write a basic script to launch a browser, create a page, and navigate to a URL.

### Basic Commands:

#### Launching browsers:

`const browser = await chromium.launch({ headless: false });` 
// for visible browser

#### Navigating pages:

`const page = await browser.newPage();` 

`await page.goto('https://example.com');`

#### Interacting with elements:

`await page.click('button#submit');`

`await page.type('input[name="email"]', 'example@example.com');`

`await page.selectOption('select#countries', 'US');`

## Advanced Interactions

### Dealing with frames and pop-ups:

`const frame = page.frame({ name: 'frame-name' });`

`await frame.click('button#submit');`

### Uploads and downloads:

`await page.setInputFiles('input[type="file"]', 'path/to/file');`

`const [ download ] = await Promise.all([ page.waitForEvent('download'),'` 

`page.click('a#downloadLink') ]);`
// waits for download to start 


### Handling network conditions and events:

`page.setOfflineMode(true);`
// To simulate offline mode await 

## Selectors Cheat Sheet

### Common selectors and their syntax:

-   CSS: `page.click('button.class')`

-   XPath: `page.click('//button[@id="submit"]')`

-   Text: `page.click('text="Submit"')`

### Best practices for selecting elements:

-   Use ID or class selectors when possible.

-   Avoid using indexes in selectors; prefer text content or specific attributes.

### Custom selectors and functions:

`await page.$('data-testid=submit-button');` 
// Custom attribute selector

## Working with Assertions

### Overview of assertions in Playwright:

-   Assertions are used to verify conditions in the browser.

-   Playwright works with assertion libraries like Chai, Jest, etc.

### Common assertion examples:

`const title = await page.title();`
`expect(title).toBe('Expected Title');`

### Tips for effective assertions:

-   Always wait for elements before asserting.

-   Use assertions to verify the state of the application, not just the presence of elements.

## Automation Recipes

### Login automation example:

`await page.type('input[name="username"]', 'user');` 
`await page.type('input[name="password"]', 'pass');`
`await page.click('text="Log in"');`

### Data scraping example:

`const data = await page.evaluate(() => { // Return scraped data from page });`

### End-to-end test scenario:

// Example steps for an e-commerce checkout process

## Debugging Playwright Scripts

### Tools and techniques for debugging:

-   Use `page.on('console', message => console.log(message.text()));` to listen to page console events.

-   Use `DEBUG=pw:api` before running the script to get Playwright's API call logs.

### Common errors and their solutions:

-   Element not found: Ensure the selector is correct and the element is loaded.

-   Timeout: Increase timeout or use `page.waitForSelector()`.

### Logging and reporting:

-   Use built-in `page.screenshot()` and `page.video()` for visual logs.

## Integration with Test Runners

### Configuring Playwright with Jest, Mocha, etc.:

-   Use playwright-test runner for Jest-like experience.

-   Use mocha with playwright for Mocha setup.

### Organizing tests and suites:

-   Group tests into describe blocks and use test or it for individual tests.

### Parallel execution and headless mode:

-   Enable parallel execution by configuring the test runner appropriately.

-   Run tests in headless mode for CI/CD environments.

## Continuous Integration and Deployment

### Setting up Playwright in CI/CD pipelines:

-   Use the playwright-github-action for GitHub Actions integration.

-   Configure environment variables for sensitive data like login credentials.

### Docker integration:

-   Use Playwright's official Docker image to run tests in containers.

### Best practices for CI/CD with Playwright:

-   Cache browser binaries between runs.

-   Use artifacts for storing screenshots and videos from test runs.

#### Resources

**Official documentation:** [Playwright Documentation](https://playwright.dev/)

**Community forums and support:** [Playwright GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/microsoft/playwright/discussions)


**Happy (automated) testing!**


## FAQ

#### Q: What is Playwright Cheat Sheet?

A: The Playwright Cheat Sheet is a resource that provides a quick reference guide for leveraging Playwright for browser automation and testing.

#### Q: How can I explore the capabilities of Playwright?

A: To explore the features and capabilities of Playwright, you can refer to the official documentation and tutorials provided by the Playwright team.

#### Q: What are the key features of Playwright?

A: Playwright offers features such as cross-browser testing, parallel and headless execution, and the ability to automate tasks across different web platforms.

#### Q: What is the recommended way to set up Playwright for automation?

A: It is recommended to set up Playwright for automation by following the installation and setup instructions provided in the official Playwright documentation.

#### Q: How can I locate a specific element on a web page using Playwright?

A: You can use the Playwright API to locate elements on a web page by using methods such as 'locate', 'match', and 'explicit selection'.

#### Q: Can Playwright be used for mobile automation?

A: Yes, Playwright provides support for mobile automation, allowing you to automate tasks and tests on mobile platforms.

#### Q: What are the benefits of migrating to Playwright from other automation frameworks like Cypress?

A: Migrating to Playwright from frameworks like Cypress can offer benefits such as improved performance, broader browser support, and a more up-to-date platform for automation.

#### Q: How can I ensure accessibility in automated tests using Playwright?

A: You can ensure accessibility in automated tests using Playwright by leveraging features such as 'text alternative', 'accessible value await', 'label await', and 'placeholder'.

#### Q: Can Playwright be integrated with Git for version control?

A: Yes, Playwright can be integrated with Git for version control to manage and track changes in automation scripts and test files.

#### Q: How can I master Playwright for advanced automation tasks?

A: To master Playwright for advanced automation tasks, it is recommended to explore advanced features, APIs, and best practices provided by the Playwright team and community.

#### Q: What is async in Playwright? 

A: In the Playwright framework, `async ({page})` signifies a function that operates asynchronously, accepting an argument named `page` that denotes a web page. The use of `async` indicates that the function is designed to execute without hindering the concurrent running of other scripts.

large_playwright cheat sheet .png

medium_playwright cheat sheet .png

small_playwright cheat sheet .png

thumbnail_playwright cheat sheet .png

playwright cheat sheet .png

Playwright Cheat Sheet 

large_Best Manual Testing Tools .png

medium_Best Manual Testing Tools .png

small_Best Manual Testing Tools .png

thumbnail_Best Manual Testing Tools .png

Best Manual Testing Tools .png

Best Manual Testing Tools in 2023: Which One Is Right for You?

large_AUTOMATED REGRESSION TESTING TOOLS.png

medium_AUTOMATED REGRESSION TESTING TOOLS.png

small_AUTOMATED REGRESSION TESTING TOOLS.png

thumbnail_AUTOMATED REGRESSION TESTING TOOLS.png

AUTOMATED REGRESSION TESTING TOOLS.png

Best Automated Regression Testing Tools 

Product Updates

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

**Integrating BugBug with Slack** can significantly improve your workflow by ensuring you're always informed about essential updates and changes. It can streamline your workflow, ensuring that every team member is up-to-date with the latest developments and can react swiftly to any arising issues. 

In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the details of how to seamlessly integrate Slack with BugBug, empowering your team to maintain a tight-knit development and testing process. 

Check also [BugBug documentation](https://docs.bugbug.io/integrations/slack) for more information. 

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Why Should You Integrate Slack with BugBug? 

With Slack integration, your productivity is **boosted** and your teams stay informed and responsive to changes. 

- Real-time updates enhance team testing and issue management.

- Clear notifications provide a better understanding and context.

- Flexible messaging options adapt to team preferences.

- Detailed alerts for issues offer improved context for quicker troubleshooting.

- Instant updates facilitate faster issue resolution.

- Assists in maintaining control over software quality.


## How To Integrate Slack with BugBug?

BugBug's integration for Slack is designed to elevate your testing and issue management to a whole new level. The guide will walk you through the different methods of integration, from setting up Slack message alerts and webhooks to utilizing the prowess of Zapier for enhanced automation capabilities.

### Creating a Slack Message Alert:

- Ensure subscription to a paid plan on BugBug, as Slack integration isn't included in the free tier.

- Navigate to the "Integrations" page to find Slack among other options.

- Click on "Manage" next to Slack to proceed.

- Press the "Connect" button to initiate integration with your Slack workspace.

- Authorize BugBug's access to your Slack workspace for integration.

- Customize your alerts on the "Integration Details" page by configuring settings.

![slack 1 .webp](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/slack_1_6b3c0aaffb.webp)

- Choose the message type and designate recipients for the notifications.

- Finalize settings to start receiving Slack messages that keep your team updated.

![slack 2 .webp](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/slack_2_ac279395ac.webp)

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


### Creating a Webhook Alert:

- Start by creating a webhook in Slack following Slack’s own setup guide.

- Go to BugBug's "Alerts" page to begin setting up a new alert.

- Initiate a "New alert" and select an event to trigger the alert, like the completion of a test suite.

- Provide necessary details for the event under "When" section.

- In the "Then" section, choose the "Send webhook" option.

- Set the request method to POST, which is the method Slack requires.

- Input the Slack webhook URL you received during the Slack setup process.

- Construct your JSON payload in the Body field, for example: `{"text": "Suite "{{suiteName}}" finished"}`.

- Refer to Slack's formatting guide for creating more complex message payloads.

- Test the webhook by clicking "Trigger Alert" to ensure functionality.

![slack 3 .webp](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/slack_3_b606d094b8.webp)

- Once tested successfully, you’re ready to receive real-time alerts in Slack from BugBug.

### Using Zapier Integration:

- If you're new to Zapier, you'll want to start by creating an account on their website, or simply log in if you're already a user.

- Once logged in, the "My Apps" section awaits you on the top menu bar, where you can manage your connected applications.

- Click on "Connect a new account..." to start the integration process.

- Search for and select BugBug to add it to your Zapier setup.

- Authenticate your BugBug account for a secure connection.

- Once authenticated, Zapier is ready to integrate with BugBug.

- Use Zapier to create "Zaps," which are automated workflows.

- Opt for pre-designed Zaps or customize your own in the Zap Editor.

- Enhance your workflow efficiency through automation with Zapier and BugBug.

Check out [Zapier documentation](https://docs.bugbug.io/integrations/zapier) for more details. 


->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Final Thoughts

**Integrating BugBug with Slack** is more than just connecting two platforms; it's about supercharging your productivity and bringing seamless automation to your workflows. 

So, why wait? Dive in and explore the wonders of automation today! 
 

[Slack x BugBug Integration - Documentation](https://docs.bugbug.io/integrations/slack)


Happy (automated) testing! 



large_NEW INTEGRATION (1).png

medium_NEW INTEGRATION (1).png

small_NEW INTEGRATION (1).png

thumbnail_NEW INTEGRATION (1).png

NEW INTEGRATION (1).png

New Integration: Slack x BugBug

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

Whether you're a software developer or someone still delving into the depths of programming, having a quick and reliable cheat sheet can transform your testing experience. **Cypress Cheat Sheet** is your free ticket to mastering the essential commands and elements of [Cypress](https://www.cypress.io/) with ease. 

![cypress commands meme](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6ntu0z_7803032403.jpeg)

With the latest updates in online resources, many platforms may offer insights into Cypress, but this cheat sheet aims to provide the most useful and succinct information you need. From simple commands to select elements to master intricate data manipulations for user-centric application development, this sheet has it all. 

If you're gearing up for an interview, want to create robust cypress tests, or just wish to learn more, please keep this guide handy. With a fusion of the 1, 2, 3 (and yes, even 5) **best practices, techniques, and tricks**, our cheat sheet is your go-to guide to ensure you're always a step ahead in your Cypress journey. So, without further ado, let's dive into the world of Cypress and unravel the magic it can bring to your testing repertoire.

**Check out our [Cypress Best Practices Guide](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/cypress-best-practices/).**

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 

## Cypress Basics

### Language and Syntax of Cypress.io
- Written in JavaScript.
- Tests are written using Mocha and Chai syntax, which many JavaScript developers are familiar with.

### Environment
- It runs directly in the browser, ensuring tests are executed in the same run loop as the application.
- Unlike [Selenium](https://www.selenium.dev/), which runs outside of the browser and communicates over a server, Cypress commands run natively within the browser.

**Check our [Best Selenium Practice Websites](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/best-selenium-practice-websites/) article.**

### Real-time Reloading
- Cypress automatically reloads tests when changes are made, making for a smoother developer experience.

### Time Travel
- Cypress takes snapshots as your tests run. With the Test Runner, you can hover over commands in the Command Log to see exactly what happened at each step.

### Debuggability
- Built-in debugging capabilities.
- Developers can use the `.debug()` method or utilize browser dev tools.

### Network Traffic Control
- Can stub and intercept network requests.
- Enables testing scenarios without relying on an actual server or backend.

### Automatic Waiting
- Cypress automatically waits for elements to exist, commands to execute, and network responses to complete before moving on. This means tests are less flaky and brittle.

### Cross-browser Testing
- While originally designed for Chrome, Cypress now supports multiple browsers including Edge, Firefox, and Electron.

### Dashboard
- Cypress offers a Dashboard Service that provides insights into test runs. It includes features like video recording, test result history, and collaboration tools for teams.

### Parallelization and Load Balancing
- Using the Dashboard, Cypress can run tests in parallel, across multiple machines, speeding up test execution.

### Integration with CI/CD
- Cypress easily integrates with Continuous Integration (CI) tools like [Jenkins](https://www.jenkins.io/), [Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/), [CircleCI](https://circleci.com/), and others.

### Community and Plugins
- It has a strong community with numerous plugins available, extending its core capabilities.


->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 


## What are Cypress Locators? 

In Cypress, the term "**locators**" typically refers to the methods or strategies used to identify and select elements within a web page to interact with or validate during tests. The primary locator method in Cypress relies on CSS selectors, but Cypress also provides additional, specialized commands that function as locators. 

A wide range of locators are supported, encompassing tags, IDs, classes, attributes, and even text content. While Cypress does offer support for XPath selectors, it requires an additional step: installing the third-party [cypress-xpath plugin](https://github.com/cypress-io/cypress-xpath). Unlike other selectors, XPath isn't natively supported in Cypress.

### Here are the main Cypress locators

-   cy.get(): This is the primary method to select elements in Cypress and it uses CSS selectors.\
    -cy.get('.class-name');  // Selects elements with the class "class-name"\
    -cy.get('#element-id');  // Selects the element with the ID "element-id"

-   cy.contains(): This command searches for an element containing specific text. It's helpful when you want to locate elements based on their content rather than attributes.\
    -cy.contains('Submit');  // Finds the first element containing the text "Submit"\
    -cy.contains('p', 'Hello');  // Finds the first <p> tag containing the text "Hello"

-   cy.root(): Returns the current root element. By default, this command yields the <html> element, but the subject changes as more commands are chained onto it.

-   cy.document(): This yields the entire document object, allowing you to interact directly with the whole document or use it as a starting point for other commands.

-   cy.viewport(): While not a direct locator, this command allows you to set the size of the viewport, indirectly affecting which elements might be visible or accessible for interactions.

-   cy.window(): Returns the window object of the page under test. This can be useful when you need to interact or check properties on the window object itself.

It's a common best practice in Cypress (and other testing tools) to use dedicated data attributes, like data-cy, data-test, or data-testid, in the HTML markup to identify elements explicitly meant for testing. This approach decouples your tests from CSS or JS changes, making them less brittle. While CSS selectors are the backbone of element locating in Cypress, these specialized commands and approaches make the process more flexible, effective and robust. By understanding and combining these locators appropriately, testers can ensure they're interacting with the correct elements in a resilient manner.

## Cypress Cheat Sheet

### Context and Hooks

-   describe() / context(): Define a test suite.

-   it() / specify(): Define a test case.

-   before(): Run once before all tests in a block.

-   after(): Run once after all tests in a block.

-   beforeEach(): Run before each test in a block.

-   afterEach(): Run after each test in a block.

### .should & Common Chainers

-   .should('not.exist'): Assertion to check if element does not exist.

-   .should('be.visible'): Assertion to check if element is visible.

-   .should('contain', 'text'): Assertion to check if element contains text.

-   .should('have.value', 'value'): Assertion to check if form element has a value.

-   Chainers like .and, .not, .eq, .first, .last, .have.length can be used for more complex assertions.

### Utility Commands

-   cy.log(): Log a message to the Cypress Command Log.

-   cy.clearCookies(): Clear browser cookies.

-   cy.fixture(): Load a fixed set of data located in a file.

-   cy.reload(): Reload the current page.

-   cy.screenshot(): Take a screenshot of the current state of the application.

### Selection Commands

-   cy.get(selector): Select DOM elements.

-   cy.contains(content): Select elements containing specific text or content.

-   cy.root(): Get the root DOM element.

-   cy.within(): Scope upcoming commands to within a DOM element.

### Action Commands

-   cy.click(): Click a DOM element.

-   cy.type('text'): Type text into a DOM element.

-   cy.check(): Check a checkbox or radio button.

-   cy.uncheck(): Uncheck a checkbox.

-   cy.select('option'): Select an option in a <select> element.

-   cy.submit(): Submit a form.

### Browser Commands

-   cy.visit(url): Visit a URL.

-   cy.location(): Get the current URL, pathname, or hash.

-   cy.title(): Get the title of the current page.

-   cy.url(): Get the current URL as a string.

-   cy.go('back') / cy.go('forward'): Navigate back or forward in the browser's history.

### Assertion Commands

-   cy.should('be.checked'): Asserts that the element is checked.

-   cy.should('have.class', 'className'): Asserts that the element has a specific class.

### Network Requests

-   cy.request(): Make an HTTP request.

-   cy.server(): Start a server to manage HTTP requests.

-   cy.route(): Control behavior of network requests.

### Aliases

-   cy.as('aliasName'): Assign an alias for later use.

-   cy.get('@aliasName'): Retrieve an aliased element.

### File Upload and Download

-   cy.readFile(): Read a file's contents.

-   cy.writeFile(): Write data to a file.

### Environment and Configuration

-   Cypress.env('VAR'): Access environment variables.

-   Cypress.config('key'): Get or set configuration.

### Debugging

-   cy.debug(): Debug the command's subject in the developer tools.

-   cy.pause(): Pause test execution.

This cheat sheet provides a quick reference to some of the basic commands and utilities in Cypress. For comprehensive details and updates, refer to the[ official Cypress documentation](https://docs.cypress.io/).


## Conclusion

**These are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to Cypress's capabilities.** 

These commands are foundational and are frequently used in most Cypress test suites. As always, the Cypress documentation provides a comprehensive look at all the commands and their various options. 

Stay up to date and check our [Xpath Cheat Sheet](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/the-ultimate-xpath-cheat-sheet/) and [Cheatography.com](https://www.cheatography.com/) for more automation tips.


**Happy (automated) Testing!**


->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 



## FAQ

#### Q: What is Cypress Cheat Sheet about?

**A:** Cypress Cheat Sheet is a guide that provides commands, assertions, and other useful information for using Cypress, an end-to-end testing framework, efficiently.

#### Q: How can I use Cypress Cheat Sheet?

**A:** You can use Cypress Cheat Sheet as a quick reference while working with Cypress. It provides handy commands, syntax examples, and tips to make your testing process smoother.

#### Q: What is Cypress?

**A:** Cypress is an end-to-end testing framework that allows you to write and perform tests in JavaScript. It provides a rich set of commands and assertions to accurately test web applications.

#### Q: Can I use Cypress with JavaScript in plain English?

**A:** Yes, Cypress supports writing test cases using JavaScript in plain English. You can use natural language commands to describe your test scenarios, making them more readable and understandable.

#### Q: How do I select an element with Cypress?

**A:** To select an element with Cypress, you can use various commands such as `cy.get()`, `cy.contains()`, or `cy.find()`. These commands allow you to access DOM elements based on CSS selectors, text content, or other attributes.

#### Q: Is Cypress free to use?

**A:** Yes, Cypress is an open-source tool and is available for free to use.

#### Q: What is Berastis?

**A:** Berastis is a company that provides consulting and migration services for Cypress. They help clients in migrating from Cypress to other testing frameworks such as Playwright.

#### Q: Can you tell me more about migrating from Cypress to Playwright?

**A:** Migrating from Cypress to Playwright is a process of transitioning your existing Cypress tests to use the Playwright framework instead. This allows you to leverage the benefits and features offered by Playwright.

#### Q: What is the latest version of Cypress Cheat Sheet?

**A:** The latest version of Cypress Cheat Sheet is the most up-to-date version that includes the latest commands, assertions, and best practices for using Cypress.

#### Q: Can I write advanced test scenarios with Cypress Cheat Sheet?

**A:** Yes, Cypress Cheat Sheet covers advanced concepts and techniques in Cypress testing. You can learn and implement advanced test scenarios using the provided commands and examples.



large_cypress cheat sheet.png

medium_cypress cheat sheet.png

small_cypress cheat sheet.png

thumbnail_cypress cheat sheet.png

cypress cheat sheet.png

Cypress Cheat Sheet: Commands, Assertions and More

large_functional testing tools .png

medium_functional testing tools .png

small_functional testing tools .png

thumbnail_functional testing tools .png

functional testing tools.png

Functional Testing Tools: Automation Testing Guide 

Read about best practices from the test automation world. Get practical tips, valuable insights, and improve your QA process.

Blog about test automation

Reliable, modern end-to-end test automation tool that improves testers’ and developers’ work.


Before you release your product into the market, it is extremely important to properly test whether it’s functioning as intended. To do that, software developers utilize a variety of testing techniques that verify the software’s integrity. To thoroughly check their software from start to finish, developers implement **End-to-End testing**, often simply called **E2E** testing – an elaborate technique that mimics end user experience. 

There are many layers to End to End testing, as it is one of the most complex testing methods. This type of testing involves testing every part of your software that the end-user interacts with in any imaginable way.

With this guide, we want to show you the importance of E2E tests, as well as tell you precisely what they are, including a few specific examples.

**Also see:** if you're new to software automation, take a look at this [beginner's guide to automation with step-by-step screenshots](https://docs.bugbug.io/in-depth-guides/beginners-tutorial-to-automation-testing).

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

## What exactly is End-to-End testing?

**End-to-End testing** is one of the most useful and informative techniques for software testing, providing valuable data about the inner workings of the program from the end-user perspective. With E2E testing, developers can thoroughly verify the behaviour of their software. During the test, you will be trying to replicate key user behaviour scenarios when using your software. The actual list of things to do varies, depending on the type of software you’re testing – but in all cases, it is rather extensive.

When performing a software testing method, like an End-to-End test on a web application, you would start with opening your browser and navigating to the proper URL, and then proceeding to use the software as intended for the end-user.

Similarly, in the case of a regular desktop application or mobile application, you would open the app just like a user would, checking out every bit of functionality that is intended for the users to work with. Keep in mind that during E2E testing you won’t need to check developer-specific aspects of the software, only the end-user perspective if it is important to you.

## End-to-End test goals

During an E2E test, your goal is to verify all of the dependencies and data integrity that directly or indirectly influence the reception of the software by the end-user. This usually includes any external services, as well as databases used by the software and metrics, as well as any other system dependencies. 

E2E tests will ideally be performed in the production environment, but this isn’t always possible. The tests can, of course, be performed in an independent End-to-End testing environment, but you should make sure it is as close to the production environment as possible.

Within the SDLC process, E2E tests are performed in the Testing phase, which is situated after Coding and before Deployment. 
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Why is End-to-End testing important?

Is End-to-End testing necessary? It is true that more and more developers make sure to implement an E2E testing phase before the final deployment of their software. There are many benefits to E2E tests, but the most crucial ones are:

- The ability to verify software performance from the end-user perspective
- Testing verifies not only the software itself but also any interrelated sub systems, increasing test coverage
- Validation of back-end systems
- Immediate end-user-like feedback on test failing

While tests such as unit testing or integration testing are very useful (functional testing), allowing you to verify the working of each component and providing quick results, they don’t give you the whole picture. By not performing E2E tests, you won’t know how the experience of using your software will look like from the end-user perspective.

For example, individual component testing (integration tests) might show promising results and full functionality. However, when combined, something goes wrong and produces a bug. By only checking individual components, you wouldn’t be able to find out about the bug. 

With a proper End-to-End test, you can verify whether everything works correctly together as it should. Even integration testing doesn’t cover all of the system components of your software, and you might never know whether every aspect of your app clicks together.

E2E testing doesn’t necessarily have to discover bugs – it can also give you useful insight into the user scenario of your product. Overall, all types of tests play their respective roles in the whole vertical end-to-end testing process (differently to horizontal end-to-end tests). Just because E2E tests give you a more complex understanding of your software as a whole doesn’t mean that other test types are less valuable. 

Before releasing your app, always make sure to proceed with a thought-through testing strategy. However, while they’re certainly extremely useful, keep in mind that E2E tests occupy the top of the testing pyramid, making them the most expensive and most difficult to perform.

End-to-End testing is also one of the few functional types of tests that can be performed manually, as well as automated - which is done especially often in Continuous Integration. In such a scenario, a chosen set of tests can be run automatically each time a new iteration is uploaded to the testing server.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Benefits of end-to-end testing

One of the goals of this software testing technique is to simulate the end-user's perspective. This means that this type of testing helps to verify not only the security or performance, but the business aspect as well. It will check whether the software collects and processes data as it was designed to do. End-to-end testing is essential for a comprehensive validation of your product. This testing ensures that all integrated parts of the application work together as expected.

Another purpose of E2E testing is to mitigate risks. E2E testing verifies if the software is ready for deployment. The confidence in stability is a crucial factor which the stakeholders consider while approving the next release. 

There are obviously much more obvious benefits of this form of testing (like bug fixing or testing across different user scenarios), but we described them already in this article.

## End-to-End Testing Framework

Alright, so now you know what End-to-End testing is – but how to exactly implement it? There is a wide variety of checks and individual tests that must be covered by your end-to-end testing plan, some of which include:

- Establishing test requirements in the preparation phase (including software and hardware requirements)
- Creating proper documentation
- Deciding what type of test environment will be used (production environment or independent test environment)
- Preparation of test cases and general E2E design
- Tracking of data input and output
- Test execution and evaluation

When executing E2E testing methods, developers usually follow an established E2E testing framework that guides you throughout the process, enumerating various tasks and responsibilities. The framework is relatively simple and consists of only three elements:

### Establish user functions

The User Functions relates to listing the features of your software, as well as all of its interconnected software systems. To properly measure and test software functionality, you need to first think about what you’re going to test. After you’re finished with listing user functions, remember to record everything relevant to each of them, including both the input and output data. Since E2E testing can be considered holistic, you also need to pay attention to all of the relations between every individual function – how they work together and whether there are any clashes.

### Come up with specific conditions

Now that you have established the user functions you’re going to test, you need to think about the testing conditions. Try to come up with as many quantifiable indicators that can be measured for each of the functions. These can range from response time to consistency of data flow, to simple convenience of use. Remember – you’re trying to imagine yourself as an end-user, so try to keep track of anything that might be an issue for a non-developer.

### Create individual test cases

Finally, before the E2E testing can commence, you need to prepare specific test cases for each of the conditions. At this point, you have prepared a list of user functions to test, as well as data conditions that will be measured during the test. Now, you need to create at least one test case for each of the conditions. By test cases, we mean user scenarios during which specific indicators will be able to be measured.

And by test case preparation status, we mean the precise location of the test instances being developed, as compared to intended test cases.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## End-to-end test cases for your testing process

Congratulations, you’ve almost reached the end! At this point, you should pretty much be a walking fountain of knowledge about End-to-End tests. However, the raw theory is one thing, and implementing those types of tests for system testing in reality is another. To make the process a bit more digestible, consider this End-to-End testing example for a website with shopping functionality:

- Go to the specified URL
- Open a list of products
- Check whether the information on the list correlates with specific product pages
- Try to add the product to the cart and look for visible confirmation
- Navigate to the cart and check whether the product has been successfully added
- Double-check all of the relevant information (price, product info, etc.)
- Proceed with the check-out and verify payment options integration

See how simple it is in the end? Now you can implement E2E testing methodology in your software to ensure better end-user reception, increase your product quality, and build a positive brand image.

This is just a high level example. If you would like to learn how to create a proper test case from start to end, please check out our article on [test case creation](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/how-to-write-automation-test-cases/). You will have a better understanding on how to design test cases for manual and automatic testing. Also check out our other topics in our testing guide. 

## End to End testing tools

Proper tools may play a crucial role in reducing your effort by automating your end-to-end tests. These tools provide a range of features and capabilities to support horizontal testing and vertical testing of the entire system. They allow testers to perform comprehensive testing processes. Choosing a proper tool for testing is typically a long-term investment. If you research and choose a tool that will enable you to execute and record complex user scenarios and allow testing across multiple technologies, your job will be way easier. 

One of the tools that meet such requirements is BugBug. This automated testing tool proved its efficiency for many clients. On the picture below you might see how many steps might an end-to-end scenario actually have.

![n example of a passed test with a proper output statement.](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/88bc1d9e_16f8_4e1a_b33d_15e2a8d17cdf_cdfc84abfc.webp)

## Summary

End-to-end testing is a type of testing that focuses on validating the whole system from start to finish rather then testing individual functionalities. It is often seen as a software testing methodology, but it is not the case. It may be a part of a methodology (i.e. Agile testing) but it is by definition a type of software testing. 

Performing end-to-end testing covers an important task of checking data flows and focuses on testing if any functional gaps occur. This type of testing is necessary to verify if the software is ready for the next release cycle.

## Frequently Asked Questions

1. **What is automated testing?** \
Automated testing in software development is a form of software testing that uses the execution of predefined sets of operations to probe and validate the software system. The fundamental purpose of automation testing in software development is to generate objective feedback about the quality of the product. One such testing tool is Selenium. It can run UI tests. The ideal situation is to run E2E tests with both manual testing and automated testing approaches. If your application has a lot of complicated user interfaces, you'll need more end-to-end testing.

2. **What is software development lifecycle?** \
Software development lifecycle (SDLC) is the process used by developers to create, deploy and maintain software. This process includes several steps that are all closely connected with one another. These steps include requirements gathering, analysis and design, coding and testing.

3. **What is a testing pyramid?** \
In software development projects, we have limited time and resources. This is why it's important to consider our test efforts carefully and find the right balance between different types of testing. Basically, there are 3 layers in the testing pyramid: Unit Tests, Integration Tests, and E2E Tests.

3. **What is a selector?** \
A selector is a small piece of code that describes a specific button in your app. It allows you to clearly define what should be clicked in automated end-to-end tests. You can learn more about selectors using [this interactive XPath learning tool](https://bugbug.io/xpath-selector-builder/?ref=blogarticle)



Happy (automated) testing!


large_testowanie_end_to_end_98e59a7257_deae9fab1e.png

medium_testowanie_end_to_end_98e59a7257_deae9fab1e.png

small_testowanie_end_to_end_98e59a7257_deae9fab1e.png

thumbnail_testowanie_end_to_end_98e59a7257_deae9fab1e.png

testowanie_end_to_end_98e59a7257_deae9fab1e.png

What is End-to-End (E2E) Testing?

Professional Quality Evangelist, experienced in testing web and mobile applications.  
[linkedin.com/in/kinga-witko-b5bba659/](https://linkedin.com/in/kinga-witko-b5bba659/)

Kinga Witko

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

The term “shift left” expresses movement. It can describe the movement of an entire team or individuals.
What does it do in a project or an entire development lifecycle? Putting it simply,  it reflects the position of testing on a timeline. 

**Shift Left means testing earlier in the development process.** It also means repositioning the engagement, development, and testing efforts towards the customer.


Typically, in a traditional (waterfall) model of software making, testing lands at the end of the pipeline or is one of the last phases of the process. Bringing testing at the very last stage usually causes many problems such as:

- delays in the deployment
- a lot of bugs at the end of the development lifecycle
- bugs discovered just before or after the release to production
- lack of collaboration between developers and testers through the entire process.

Poor software quality is one of the most harmful consequences of all of these pains listed above.

At first, the team members do not communicate with each other and they fail to communicate the problems early. 

It must not necessarily be a bug; sometimes there is some issue with the application setup, there is no testing environment, access to certain resources (such as specific tooling or external software providers), the task description is vague, or the team setup is incorrect. 

If communicated and fixed earlier, the entire process can be smoother and cause less frustration in the team. It also encourages people to focus more on the code quality and to deliver earlier and faster.

Most of those issues can be avoided by changing the style of working and shifting testing efforts at the beginning of the process.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Agile way of working

If you care about the quality of your product, your mindset has probably shifted left already.

This approach is strongly connected with the agile way of thinking and using agile work methods in software projects.


In this setup, testing is an integrated part of the team and accelerates software development at higher quality. As a result, testers can identify bugs sooner, saving time and effort. Notably, the earlier you test, the less expensive bugs are to fix.


[T The Seven Testing Principles (ISTQB)](https://www.istqb.org/downloads/syllabi/foundation-level-syllabus.html) tell that testing everything is not possible unless a system or functionality is very simple. In practice, however,  the testing efforts should be targeted appropriately at the risk analysis, techniques, and bugs prioritization rather than be attempted thorough testing. 


One of the good methods of approaching testing strategy for a specific application can be the guideline from [Agile Testing Quadrants](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/agile-testing-quadrants/). The quadrants are a taxonomy to help teams plan the testing process and testing activities and make sure they have all the resources they need to accomplish it.


## Shift Left approach and DevOps and agile background

With the rise of the DevOps movement, there is an increased focus on delivering automated, continuous improvement. It holds true for development and testing alike.

What is more, Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Delivery (CD) are core software development disciplines integrated into the agile software development cycle. The point is to release fully-tested and stable builds early and as often as possible. Development, delivery, and test automation are crucial components of this process. 

## What it means to “Shift Left”

As mentioned at the beginning, Shift Left testing pushes testing to the “left”, to the earlier stages in the pipeline. This improves software quality and reduces time spent on resolving issues later in the pipeline.

Introducing testing early on the “left-side” of the development process, starting with unit tests and complementing with functional and integration tests is fundamental to making CI/CD happen. But that may not be enough.

The team can go even further: to eliminate unclear and contradicting requirements and improve the end-user experience, it is best to involve test engineers in the clarifying and prioritising application requirements. Test engineers can check the available or newly created requirements or user stories for clarity, consistency, testability, and traceability.

This also improves the shift towards client happiness. An early review of the requirements and spotting the flaws marks an early start of the communication with the end-user. 

The Shift Left approach introduces more care and thought exchange concerning the client. The team can be perceived as more proactive and more dedicated to the best quality standards of a project.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Benefits of Shift Left Testing for Agile and Devops teams

Agile teams benefit most from Shift Left Testing in terms of clearer specifications, smoother implementations, earlier testing, and reduced costs. However, Shift Right Testing has more benefits like the ability to incorporate user and system feedback based on real usage scenarios. 

In opposition to testing early, Shift Right can provide an additional context to the testing scenarios. Shifting right means testing at the end of the process, typically when the software is deployed to production (the post-production environment). 

It is performed by a group of experts or selected end-users. It can utilize testing methods such as API Monitoring, using Feature Toggles, or measuring the performance of a live application. 

This helps to understand the application better and discover some other flaws that could have been omitted earlier.

Nevertheless, when quality comes first:

- developers spend more time on coding because they discuss potentially good solutions - they do not investigate who pushes the code first into production without testing

- there are Unit Tests beside the application code, available and maintainable

- there is an infrastructure that allows testing before pushing to production, usually the entire team is responsible for the process health

- there is room for improvement and mistakes

- developers pair up to catch obvious errors on the fly and learn from one another

- teams estimate tasks together, taking quality and risks into account

- potential risks in the systems are spotted and minimized rather than left alone

And finally - the application is tested - not only by one automated or manual test  but by a set of different functional and non-functional scenarios. 

The tests are regularly reviewed, adjusted, and observed. This approach introduces a new way of working and highlights the value of testing.


## Benefits of the Shift-Left Testing approach

The idea of shift left testing is simple to understand but hard to implement in the development cycle. It is worth the effort though, especially when the team and the entire organization understands the main benefits of this approach, such as:

- Lower costs - as explained above, bugs detected earlier are less expensive to fix.

- Increased efficiency in the software development process.

- Improved product quality and reliability because more bugs are detected at earlier stages.

- Reduced time to market since the QA process covers the entire development cycle, not only its’ last phase.

- A competitive advantage gained by letting development teams move fast, build and defend their credibility by innovating in iterations.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Get started with “Shift Left” Testing in Agile

How to approach the change and switch to early software testing? Here is the basic list: 


1. **Plan**

Shape development in a way that is friendly to Shift Left testing. Once the requirements have been established, developers and testers should ideate how to shape the coding and software testing as early as possible. 


Depending on the product expectations as well as the limitations of the team, specific strategies, such as involving testers in the project since the planning phase or using the TDD approach, might have to be crafted to accommodate the Shift Left way of working.


2.** Review the requirements**

It is best to verify not only the existing code but also all the requirements necessary for the code to be written. Early verification can spot obvious mistakes.


3. **Use Static Code Analysis**

Static code analysis is the practice of checking the code without executing it. It runs through the basic code structure and ensures that the code is aligned with many standards and guidelines. By following the approach the team can early detect:

- Programming errors

- Violations of commonly followed coding standards

- Syntax anomalies

- Security issues

A static code analysis is best done via automation. The software should scan all untested codes in a project before it moves to the test phase.

4. **Collaborate**

As in any other [agile testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/agile-testing-organized-chaos-or-a-planned-way-of-improving-your-software/) technique - early software testing requires a lot of collaboration with the team: Developers, Product Managers, Business Analysts, and other stakeholders responsible for the overall product. 

Everybody needs to understand the value of the Shift Left approach and spot the difference after some time of the new process introduction because as a result, the client benefits from better software quality and receives a lovable product.

## Conclusion for Left Shift Testing in test automation

There are a number of benefits to left shift testing in test automation. One of the primary benefits is that it helps to identify defects earlier in the development cycle. This means that defects can be caught and addressed before they become more complex and costly to fix. In addition, left shift testing can help to reduce the overall time and effort required for testing by identifying and addressing issues earlier in the process.

Another benefit of left shift testing in test automation is that it can help to improve the quality of the software being developed. By identifying and addressing defects earlier in the process, developers can ensure that the software they are creating is of higher quality and meets the requirements of the end-users.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


One of the keys to successful left shift testing in test automation is to incorporate testing into the development process **from the very beginning**. This means that testing is not an afterthought or an additional step at the end of the development process, but rather an integral part of the development process itself. Test automation tools and frameworks can be used to automate testing activities and make it easier to incorporate testing into the development process.

It is also important to involve testers in the development process as early as possible. This allows them to provide feedback and identify potential issues before they become more complex and difficult to fix. Testers can also work with developers to ensure that the code being developed is testable, and that the testing process is efficient and effective.

Overall, **left shift testing is an important approach in test automation that can help to improve the quality of software, reduce testing time and effort, and identify defects earlier in the development process**. By incorporating testing into the development process from the very beginning, developers and testers can work together to create software that is of higher quality and meets the needs of the end-users.

Happy (automated) testing!

large_pexels-pixabay-40716.jpg

medium_pexels-pixabay-40716.jpg

small_pexels-pixabay-40716.jpg

thumbnail_pexels-pixabay-40716.jpg

pexels-pixabay-40716.jpg

Shift Left Testing Explained

Guides to Test Automation

Software developer currently working as a tech writer and PM.  
[linkedin.com/in/marcin-%C5%82ojewski-a4191518/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/marcin-%C5%82ojewski-a4191518/)

Marcin Łojewski

small_Testing Tools for Web Application.png

thumbnail_Testing Tools for Web Application.png

Testing Tools for Web Application.png

Testing Tools for Web Application - The Ultimate Guide 2023

Testing is an ever-present part of a software developer’s job, performed at every stage of the production process. There is a wide range of test types used for software testing, some performed at various points during production, and some performed after production to confirm that the software functions as intended.

Regression testing is performed on a product that has already been finished and released. How exactly is it performed? What are the objectives and how does the procedure look? If you’re keen to find out, keep on reading as we explain everything you should know about regression testing.

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

## The definition of Regression Testing

**Regression testing** is a software testing method that aims to investigate and locate any possible flaws or bugs in software that has already been fully developed. Regression Testing is performed to find out whether your software has regressed (surprise, surprise) as you continue introducing new updates and bug fixes. Whenever a piece of software is changed in any way, new bugs might emerge and some of the older ones re-emerge.

Most often, regression testing is performed immediately after introducing a new update, but it isn’t the only factor that might call for the test. If any software or hardware-related factor has changed, regression testing should be committed to find out whether everything performs as it has before the change. 

This can include any sort of bug fixes and software changes, but regression might also be caused by hardware configuration changes and electronic component degradation over time. Regression testing isn’t easy – it requires cooperation and diligence out of all of the team members, which makes it perfect for agile software development practices.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Regression Testing process

As with most testing efforts regression testing is an art rather than science. Let us describe the regression testing process that our development team uses. You may then use and adapt it to your existing test strategy. As regression testing is a type of testing that occurs whenever any change in your software occurs, the smartest way to start is to..

### Identify code changes

This will allow you to asses the number of test cases for regression testing that will need to be created. The testing team will need information on the impact that the current changes may have on the whole application. This is done also during this step.

### Prioritize changes

You finished step one with a list. Now you need to create a queue out of it. By proper prioritizing the changes in your software application you reduce the amount of time you will use on 

### Select for re-run

This is the part where the selection of test cases is performed. After the first test is done, test cases are categorized into reusable and obsolete ones. The reusable ones create a regression test suite. The others are will not be used for regression. 

### Categorize manual and automated regression test cases

Here is where the test automation actually begins. Test cases that occur more often within one process are perfect candidates to for the automation tool to do the work for you. If you want to automate tests in a fast and efficient way, try BugBug as your tool for regression testing. You will soon find out that it is great to reduce regression testing costs.

### Prioritize test cases

Here is where regression testing becomes a tad tricky. One would think, that the most often occurring test cases should have the biggest priority, right? Well the theory on that one is a tad different. The need for regression testing, therefor the priority, is the highest for those cases, that cover all essential features. The lowest on the other hand are stated as "technical complexities". 

### Plan and execute

This one is rather obvious, but we have to put it here. After doing all the analysis, you have to plan when regression testing is done and "push the execute button". 

## Regression Testing techniques

Regression testing can include various functional and non-functional tests in its process to thoroughly investigate the software in search of flaws. There are also many techniques with which developers and QA specialists perform regression testing, including:

- Retest All
- Regression Test Selection
- Test Case Prioritization
- Hybrid approach

### Retest All – an accurate yet expensive solution

**The Retest All ** technique is the most accurate and all-around method of regression testing, but it is also the most expensive one. In Retest All, every test case is checked again on the software to confirm if all of its parts are working as intended. That’s all there is to Retest All – it might be simple in definition, but it is definitely the hardest and most costly technique to actually perform.

### Regression Test Selection – when you realize you might not have enough for a Retest All

**Regression Test Selection** has been designed as a solution to the expensive nature of the Retest All technique. In RTS we don’t run all of the tests in our test suite, but instead we divide all of the tests into three categories – reusable test cases, retestable test cases, and obsolete test cases. In addition, RTS might actually create new test cases that haven’t been in the suite before, but might be relevant for regression tests.

If you’re interested in finding out more about regression testing examples, we recommend taking a look at Understanding Regression Testing Techniques by Gaurav Duggal and Bharti Suri. The authors further divide RTS techniques, naming two most important categories – coverage techniques and minimization techniques, and explain what are safe techniques.

**Coverage techniques** feature specific coverage criteria, often provided by the client who wants their software regression tested. These techniques sift through all test cases, selecting only the ones that are relevant for the covered parts of your software. **Minimization techniques** work in a way similar to coverage techniques, but instead of selecting cases based on set criteria, you select a minimum set of cases that you think will do the job.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

### Test Case Prioritization – a rational approach

**Test Case Prioritization** aims to maximize the rate of fault detection, creating the most thorough regression test for the lowest cost. First you prioritize the test cases one by one. Then all of them are performed in order, starting from the most important one and finishing on the least important one. Thanks to that, even if your resources aren’t enough to perform all of the tests in your suite, you will still perform the ones that should detect the most flaws.

**TSP** might be performed in two ways – the first one, called **General Prioritization**, selects test cases that should be effective (on average) on all versions of the software you’re working with. The other way, called Version Specific **Prioritization**, only takes into account a specific version of the software, without considering other existing or potential future versions.

### Hybrid approach – the best of both worlds

When choosing one technique of regression testing is impossible – why not combine the best features of Regression Test Selection and Test Case Prioritization? 

The hybrid approach is still being developed, and every researcher gives a personal spin on the idea. Since there isn’t an exact definition of what a hybrid approach actually is, there are tons of versions available – each one with its own upsides and downsides.

## Regression Testing tools

Regression testing ensures that each version of your software runs smoothly. We have described various regression testing techniques, but our article would not be complete without a few hints of what tool to use for proper test execution. 

Regression testing is used on an incremented basis. Each release of your software means building another layer of an already high pile of multiple regression test cases. A good tool will allow you to perform regression tests without writing a single line of code. 

If you want a specific list of tools, please redirect to our article [HERE](https://bugbug.io/blog/guides/testing-tools-for-web-application/).

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Disadvantages of regression testing

Well now that's a shocker isn't it? We have many articles on testing in the BugBug blog, and never have I ever wrote anything negative about testing. Until now. We found four "buts" on regression testing and we tried to tackle them immediately.

- "but regression testing is time consuming" - yes, but only if you only perform a manual test, this is why selecting a good testing tool is essential
- "but you have to do it after even the smallest patch" - yes, but this is why you build a good regression cycle. You store all the recurring tests and only build a few on top of them for that given patch. It is like CI/CD for your testing process
- "but that process might interfere with the sprint planning" - only if you do regression tests without automation. Think of it from a business perspective - would you have a task that goes cross-sprint or a large bug in the production environment?
- "but it is difficult, to write those test cases" - ah, an oldie but a goodie. There are great no-code regression testing tools. Those might be used not only by QA or other technical personnel but by a PM. Such a person would be even able to automate the test or record and recreate it. 

Regression testing is one of the key ways to have your code thoroughly checked and ready to start earning you money!

## Conclusion – is Regression Testing necessary?

As you have already learned, regression testing plays a key role in keeping the quality of your software as high as possible for as long as possible. Updates and changes to your software might introduce new problems, which is exactly why regression testing is so important – to keep user experience high throughout all iterations of your program.

Not all projects require regression testing, of course. In projects that are already finished and won’t be further updated, regression testing is mostly irrelevant. However, if you are planning to continue development further – never forget to properly regression test your software before releasing an update.


Happy (automated) testing!

large_regression_tests_blog_07c72a81f5.jpg

medium_regression_tests_blog_07c72a81f5.jpg

small_regression_tests_blog_07c72a81f5.jpg

thumbnail_regression_tests_blog_07c72a81f5.jpg

regression_tests_blog_07c72a81f5.jpg

What is Regression Testing? Everything You Need To Know

New Feature: Pop-Up Window Recording

Testing Tools Comparisons

Top Cypress Alternatives in 2023

Uncategorized

No-code Testing Automation: Guide to Codeless Testing and Automation Tools

Get more tips and product related content. Zero spam.

Don't miss any updates

Automate web app testing easier than ever. Without excessive costs. Faster than coding. Free forever.

End-to-end testing made simple! BugBug is a new, more intuitive tool for test automation of web apps. Get all the benefits of test automation without hiring new people or infrastructure changes.

BugBug.io | Intuitive and reliable test automation for startups

large_opengraph_image.png

medium_opengraph_image.png

small_opengraph_image.png

thumbnail_opengraph_image.png

opengraph_image.png

Features

Why Choose Us

Integrations

Book a demo

Customer Success Stories

Case studies

Create tests in your browser for free. Run the tests in the cloud for 14 days at no charge. No credit card required. 

Effortless cloud testing that fits your budget

Discover the differences of each plan and choose the offer that fits your testing needs

Industry leaders automate tests with BugBug

Frequently Asked Questions

Contact our Support Team.
They’ll give you all the information you need.

Free trial of premium features for 14 days

Automate web app testing easier than ever. Without excessive costs. Faster than coding. 

Pricing

About us

Contact

Everything you need for the entire test automation workflow

Record new tests simply by clicking in your browser. Automatically capture every click or text input. Add assertions directly while recording. Forget about writing selectors by hand; BugBug will do it for you.

Create tests without coding

Enjoy excellent performance when you run tests locally, allowing you to work more efficiently. Run tests in the cloud to regularly monitor your web application and catch bugs earlier.

Run tests in your own browser or in the cloud

Now you don't need to record your test from scratch every time you want to change it! Record new steps right in the middle of your test, just where you need it. Spend less time on manual writing of CSS or XPath Selectors.

Fix tests by re-recording

Run cloud tests every day and monitor if your app works properly. Get comprehensive notifications when a test fails. You will receive notifications with scheduled test results directly to your inbox.

Schedule test automation

Use BugBug API and Command Line Interface to run regression tests along with your CI/CD build pipelines, such as Github, Gitlab, Travis, Jenkins, or Bitbucket. Integrate with Zapier to get notifications on Slack when a test fails.

Integrate with your CI/CD pipelines

Invite your teammates to work together on test automation without time-consuming training and debates. You can involve software developers or product owners in testing within minutes.

Collaborate with your team

Unparalleled simplicity powered by unique features

Powerful features for advanced testing

You can turn test steps into "Components" that are shared across multiple tests. Maintain hundreds of tests without worrying that you will have to spend half a day fixing them. 

Edit multiple tests at once

Work in multiple environments. Create random numbers. Register users with unique email addresses. 

Use variables to handle complex tasks

You have full control over the test steps. You can update selectors, manually add advanced step types or assertions, and even custom JavaScript code.

Customise test steps with JavaScript

Need to show the results to your stakeholders? You can download a PDF report for each suite run in your project.

Generate PDF reports

Record automated tests easily for both desktop and mobile resolutions.

Build tests for mobile resolutions

See what our clients are saying

Start testing for free! No credit card required.

Test automation is too complicated. BugBug is here to make end-to-end testing ultra simple and effective. Limit your testing workload and focus on delivering great features. Without straining your budget.

Because we want you to catch bugs easier than before

Join hundreds of happy software testers that automated testing process with BugBug

We solve many problems of the test automation world

**TRULY NO-CODE SOLUTION**  
Not a tester? No problem. Our no-code BugBug test recorder will make you feel like a pro QA engineer.

**CLEAN INTERFACE**  
We are fed up with complicated testing tools. That's why we created BugBug. Our software is simple and very intuitive. No matter if you are a QA testing beginner or an experienced engineer.

Built to empower non-technical testers

**UNLIMITED FREE USERS**  
Collaborate with others when creating your test suites. Finally you can invite as many teammates as you want for free.

**UNLIMITED LOCAL TESTS**  
With BugBug you can run unlimited tests in your browser with the Free Forever Plan. Also you may run tests in the cloud without additional infrastructure or DevOps costs. Fun right?

Test automation tool that suits every pocket

**BUILT-IN AND CUSTOM VARIABLES**  
Anytime you need, you can run tests with our built-in variables that we prepared for you. If you need something more specific, you can also create your own custom variables.

**POWERFUL FEATURES**  
Run custom JavaScript, use automatic selectors, create profiles as presets for different variable values, and work with different development environments - BugBug offers advanced features for you to use when you need it.



Advanced features to boost your testing

Integrate with anything via BugBug API. Run cloud tests in your CI/CD pipelines such as Github, Travis, Jenkins, Bitbucket, or GitLab. The setup is easy thanks to BugBug's streamlined Command Line Interface and built-in Zapier support.

Are you fresh in the test automation world? We’ve got your back - read our comprehensive tutorial for beginners and see how easy it is to automate your first test.

Easy to learn testing

Best Chrome Extensions for Software Testers

Scrum Testing: QA on an Agile Team 

Why is Software Testing Important?

I write about technology and help people who use it. I've always been fascinated by the details of things - how they work and what makes them tick. That's why I love writing about tech!  
[linkedin.com/in/aleksandra-spilkowska](https://linkedin.com/in/aleksandra-spilkowska)

large_a_spilkowska_cropped_c38f3487ad.jpg

medium_a_spilkowska_cropped_c38f3487ad.jpg

small_a_spilkowska_cropped_c38f3487ad.jpg

thumbnail_a_spilkowska_cropped_c38f3487ad.jpg

a_spilkowska_cropped_c38f3487ad.jpg

Aleksandra Spilkowska

Specflow: 8 Steps to Use Behavior-Driven Development To Improve Team Performance

[linkedin.com/in/darekkacban](https://linkedin.com/in/darekkacban)

thumbnail_dariusz_kacban.jpeg

dariusz_kacban.jpeg

Dariusz Kacban

Doan Nguyen - Operto - Quality Assurance Specialist

Doan Nguyen, Quality Assurance Specialist

thumbnail_Authors (1).png

Authors (1).png

Doan Nguyen

A self-taught software QA Engineer, Dominika has experience in web testing. Currently, she is focusing on developing her test automation skills with Cypress. Apart from programming, she likes to make pottery and cook vegetarian delicacies.  
[linkedin.com/in/dominikanykiel](https://linkedin.com/in/dominikanykiel)