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Software Testing Knowledge

Software developer currently working as a tech writer and PM.  
[linkedin.com/in/marcin-%C5%82ojewski-a4191518/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/marcin-%C5%82ojewski-a4191518/)

Marcin Łojewski

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

There are many types of software tests. Some of them overlap or are responsible for similar testing aspects. This can be confusing, especially for novice testers. In this article, we will show the differences and scopes of responsibility of smoke testing and regression testing. Both of them are used to verify if changes in the code are negatively influencing any existing functionality. 

Let's not perform spoilers though! So dig thru the smoke and see if your testing knowledge did not regress recently.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Smoke Testing

**[Smoke testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/what-is-smoke-testing/)** is a type of test that aims to confirm whether the basic functionalities of your software are working as intended. It might be also known as build verification testing. We created a separate article on smoke testing process. It is performed at the very beginning of the software's life cycle. 

![smoke testing](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/mze03_ac177a7675.jpeg)

Preferably on the very first software build. In general, performing smoke tests serves two goals.


First, it ensures that the most basic functionalities work properly.
It does not have to be pretty, you do not have to move that logo 2 pixels left or right, it just has to do the job. If all currently existing features (even if its just logging and CRUD) work properly, you can move on to different areas of the software.

Secondly, it allows you to identify critical issues with your software.

Basically, it is an opposite scenario to the one above. Smoke testing helps to identify what should be working but fails to do so. There is no point in moving along with works if the basics fail to execute. Sticking to the logging example - you will not able to test the features available for the logged user if you can not log him/her in, right?

See our other article [Smoke Testing vs Sanity Testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/smoke-testing-vs-sanity-testing/).

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Pros and Cons of Smoke Tests

**Smoke testing** is like triage in a hospital. First thing that you do in triage is checking if the patient is dead or alive. And this is basically what the testing team does. Smoke testing is executed to estimate if we can proceed with the next stage of the software development cycle. The QA team needs to provide fast feedback and let everyone know if the app is stable enough to hold new functionalities. Early bug detection is another reason why smoke testing is done.

There are two sides of this coin actually. There is a certain level of randomness while this testing is performed. It may miss those issues, that are considered subtle. Of course the level of subtlety is defined test case after test case. One would consider a typo subtle, other will agree to SQL injection as subtle (please don't). The other key disadvantage would be very limited test coverage.

## Regression Testing

Guess what? We have an article on that one as well - [What is Regression Testing?](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/everything-you-need-to-know-about-regression-testing/). 

![regression-testing-meme](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/regression_testing_again_222bcf554b.jpeg)

**Regression testing** is a software testing method that aims to investigate and locate any possible flaws or bugs in software that has already been fully developed. Regression testing is a process that is performed to verify if the software is still functional after bug fixes or new features were implemented. It is especially important for those teams that work in an agile way (scrum especially) since in theory they implement new features every sprint. 

This much more detailed testing approach is one of the main reasons for test automation. With every feature released, you need to check more and more dependencies so your testing phase gets longer and longer.

Automation saves you a lot of effort and money. Regression testing is performed to ensure the stability of your software after any change (even from the software/hardware standpoint). 

Catching the so-called "regression bugs" is also a key reason why you perform regression testing. It is quite common in the software development world that some bugs emerge or even re-emerge whenever there are changes made in the code. The number of test cases here is way bigger than in smoke tests and it increases basically every release.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Pros and Cons of Regression Testing

Well first of all you have to mention the regression bugs again here. Imagine your marketing department spending a wagon of cash to advertise the "exciting new features" of your applications. Then zillion of customers download the update and the whole thing just crashes. Not the best case scenario, isn't it?

Regression testing is used to avoid such circumstances. Another reason why such testing takes place is to ensure that your software is reliable. 

On the other hand regression testing should occur regularly after each update. This means that you launch the whole last testing scenario and then some. It is time and resource consuming. Those tests cannot really just scratch the surface. The testing tools have to work overtime for a really thorough testing. Also, such a rigorous testing might cause your testing scripts to require regular maintenance.

This is a good place to emphasize the importance of proper test documentation. If you fail to prepare it, your developers and testers will waste hours on checking "where on earth did we test that form".

## Comparison: Smoke Testing and Regression Testing 

Smoke and regression testing have a few things in common, but in general those are two separate testing types. Here are the key differences between both:

- **Timing** - smoke testing is performed rather early in the development process, it is basically surface-level testing. On the other hand, regression testing never occurs during the initial builds, but is used later in the software development life cycle.
- **Scope** - you use smoke testing to address potential bugs of core functionalities whereas the regression testing process has to have as large coverage as possible. 
- **Test cases** - when it comes to smoke testing a relatively low number of simple test cases is used, but regression testing cases need to be very extensive, they have to cover all bases. 
- **Frequency** - one of the most subtle differences between smoke testing vs regression testing is how often they are executed. Smoke testing occurs basically every build and regression testing as the more extensive testing takes place whenever changes are implemented in the app. 
- **Goal** - those two types of testing focus on different stages and aspects. Smoke tests focus on new features and regression testing check if those (previously checked in separate tests) functionalities do not break the whole app altogether
- **Environment** - smoke tests are usually executed in a clean or separated environment. Regression testing is carried on a stable environment which should be as similar to production as possible

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Difference Between Smoke Testing and Regression Testing

Both regression tests and smoke tests are a must-have for your testing strategy. Understanding the differences between them is also crucial. Smoke testing takes place earlier in the testing process and speaking in a non-technical way is similar to random bug hunting. Smoke testing reduces the risk of proceeding with development of a malfunctioning application.

**Regression testing** ensures that the already implemented functionality works properly with others, that were in place before. This is more advanced testing than smoke tests. Longer your development takes (more iterations), the more your app requires regression testing. Last but not least - regression testing is a great place to implement [BugBug](https://app.bugbug.io) or another test automation software since this type of tests are very repetitive.

**Smoke testing** requires more manual work since you test different functionalities per release. The manual work pays off though, since much of it can later be introduced to regression test suites.


Happy (automated) testing!



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Smoke Testing vs Regression Testing: Guide for QA

Application Consultant working as a Tech Writer


[https://www.linkedin.com/in/dominikdurejko/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/dominikdurejko/)

Dominik Szahidewicz

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

In the rapidly evolving realm of web development, **front-end automation testing tools** have become indispensable. These platforms are pivotal in ensuring that the user interface and overall user experience of web applications are efficient, functional, and user-friendly. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore various front-end testing applications, elucidate their utilities, and delve into how they empower web developers and testers to craft seamless online experiences in 2023.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 

## The Challenges with Tools for Automated Front-End Testing

One notable issue with many [automation testing platforms](https://bugbug.io/) is their tendency to prioritize functional testing while neglecting visual testing. While functional testing is critical for ensuring that web applications work as intended, it often leaves gaps in evaluating the visual aspects, potentially leading to a compromised user experience and interface design. Striking a harmonious balance between functional and visual testing has become a pressing concern in 2023.

## What Is Front-End Testing?

**Front-end testing** serves as the cornerstone for evaluating the functionality, performance, and usability of web applications from the user's perspective. It encompasses an extensive array of tests and methodologies aimed at guaranteeing that web applications operate seamlessly across diverse browsers, devices, and screen sizes.

## Example of Front-End Testing

To gain a deeper understanding of front-end testing, let's examine an illustrative example. Suppose you are developing an e-commerce website, and your goal is to ensure that various components such as the product search bar, shopping cart, and checkout process function seamlessly. Front-end testing entails a variety of tests, including:

1. **Unit Testing**
   Analyzing individual components like buttons, forms, and navigation menus to ensure their optimal functionality.
2. **Integration Testing**
   Evaluating how different components collaborate to ensure smooth interactions and data flow.
3. **End to End Testing**
   Testing the entire user journey, encompassing product selection to completing the purchase, ensuring a seamless experience.

By conducting these tests, front-end testers can pinpoint and rectify potential issues early in the development process, culminating in a more reliable and user-centric web application.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 

## Best Practices on How to Create a Front-End Website Testing Plan

### 1. Define Testing Objectives and Goals:

Start by clearly defining the objectives and goals of your testing plan. Consider what you want to achieve through front-end testing. Your goals might include ensuring the website functions correctly across different browsers and devices, verifying that the UI is user-friendly, identifying and fixing performance bottlenecks, detecting and addressing security vulnerabilities, and ensuring accessibility for users with disabilities.

### 2. Identify the Scope of Testing:

Determine the scope of your testing efforts. This includes specifying which parts of the website you will test and what types of tests you will conduct. Common testing scopes include:

- Testing specific pages or sections of the website.
- Verifying the functionality of critical features (e.g., forms, payment processing).
- Assessing visual consistency across different browsers and screen sizes.
- Evaluating performance on key pages or workflows.
- Conducting security assessments, including vulnerability scanning and penetration testing.

### 3. Define Testing Types and Methods:

Choose the types of tests and testing methods that align with your objectives and scope. Common front-end testing types and methods include:

#### Unit Testing:
For evaluating individual components or functions within the front end.

#### Integration Testing:
To ensure that different parts of the website work together seamlessly.

#### End-to-End (E2E) Testing:
To simulate user interactions and test entire workflows.

#### Visual Regression Testing:
For detecting unintended visual changes between versions.

#### Performance Testing:
To assess page load times, server response times, and scalability.

#### Accessibility Testing:
To ensure compliance with accessibility standards (e.g., WCAG).

#### Security Testing:
To identify and mitigate vulnerabilities (e.g., cross-site scripting, SQL injection).

#### API Testing:
To ensure that the UI components (e.g., buttons, forms) properly communicate with the backend services to fetch or submit data.

### 4. Select Testing Tools and Frameworks:

Choose the appropriate testing tools and frameworks based on the types of tests you plan to conduct. Popular front-end testing tools include [Selenium](https://www.selenium.dev/), [Cypress](https://www.cypress.io/), [Puppeteer](https://pptr.dev/), [Jest](https://jestjs.io/), and [Applitools](https://applitools.com/) for visual testing. Ensure that the selected tools align with your team's expertise and the technologies used in your web application.

### 5. Create Test Cases and Scenarios:

Develop detailed test cases and test scenarios for each type of test you plan to perform. Test cases should include:

- Test objectives and expected outcomes.
- Step-by-step test procedures.
- Input data and expected results.
- Precondition and post-condition states.
- Test environment setup and configuration.

### 6. Establish Test Data and Environments:

Prepare the necessary test data and testing environments. This includes setting up test servers, databases, and configurations that mirror the production environment as closely as possible. Ensure that test data is representative of real-world scenarios.

### 7. Define Test Execution Schedule:

Create a test execution schedule that outlines when and how often tests will be conducted. Consider running tests at different stages of development, including:

- **Unit Testing:** During code development.
- **Integration and E2E Testing:** During integration phases.
- **Regression Testing:** After code changes or updates.
- **Performance Testing:** Before deployment to assess scalability.

### 8. Assign Responsibilities:

Assign specific responsibilities to team members for test preparation, execution, and reporting. Ensure that team members are trained and familiar with the testing tools and methodologies being used.

### 9. Execute Tests:

Execute the defined test cases and scenarios according to the established schedule. Record test results, including any defects or issues identified during testing. Use test management tools or spreadsheets to track test progress.

### 10. Analyze and Report Findings:

Analyze test results and prepare comprehensive reports that highlight any issues, defects, or discrepancies found during testing. Prioritize issues based on severity and impact on the user experience.

### 11. Perform Regression Testing:

After addressing identified issues, conduct regression testing to ensure that fixes did not introduce new problems or regressions. Continuously update and rerun regression tests as development progresses.

### 12. Review and Iterate:

Review the testing plan and process after each testing cycle. Identify areas for improvement and incorporate feedback into future testing efforts. Iterate on the testing plan to refine and enhance testing practices.

### 13. Document and Maintain:

Document all test artifacts, including test cases, test data, and test reports. Maintain a record of testing activities and outcomes for future reference and audits.

By following these steps and tailoring your front-end website testing plan to the specific needs of your project, you can ensure that your web application is thoroughly tested, reliable, and ready to provide an exceptional user experience.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 


## Importance of Test Automation

Test automation is a software testing technique that involves using automated tools and scripts to perform tests on software applications. It aims to streamline and accelerate the testing process by automating repetitive and manual test cases.

Test automation can improve test coverage, reduce human errors, and provide faster feedback to developers, making it an essential practice in modern software development. However, it requires initial investment in creating and maintaining test scripts and infrastructure.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 

## Front End Testing and Automation

The question of whether front-end testing should be automated ultimately comes down to project goals, resources, and specific testing requirements. Automated front-end testing offers undeniable advantages in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and scalability. It empowers development teams to detect and address issues early, deliver high-quality applications, and meet the demands of modern development practices.

However, automation is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Some scenarios may be better suited for manual testing, particularly those involving subjective evaluations, usability assessments, and exploratory testing.

In practice, many development teams adopt a hybrid approach, combining automated testing for repetitive and well-defined scenarios with manual testing for areas requiring human judgment and creativity. This approach allows organizations to leverage the strengths of both automation and manual testing, ultimately ensuring the delivery of robust, user-friendly, and visually appealing applications.

### Advantages of Automated Front-End Testing:
- **Efficiency:** Automated tests can be executed repeatedly and swiftly, conserving time and effort when compared to manual testing.
- **Precision:** Automated tests adhere to predefined scripts, minimizing the likelihood of human errors during testing.
- **Swiftness:** Automated tests can run concurrently, enabling prompt feedback and swift identification of bugs.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 

## Types of Front End Testing

### Unit Testing
Unit testing focuses on evaluating individual components within a website. Popular tools like [Jest](https://jestjs.io/) and [Mocha](https://mochajs.org/) simplify this process.

### Visual Regression Testing
This testing ensures UI consistency using tools like [BackstopJS](https://github.com/garris/BackstopJS) and [Percy](https://percy.io/).

### Integration Testing
Evaluation of component interactions can be done using the same frameworks as unit testing or specialized integration testing tools.

### End-to-End Testing (E2E Testing)
E2E Testing involves testing user workflows and is done effectively using [BugBug](https://bugbug.io/), Cypress, Selenium, and Puppeteer.

### Performance Testing
Evaluation of application speed and stability is done using tools like [Apache JMeter](https://jmeter.apache.org/), [Google PageSpeed Insights](https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/), and [WebPageTest](https://www.webpagetest.org/).

### Cross-Browser Testing
Ensuring compatibility across browsers, using platforms like [BrowserStack](https://www.browserstack.com/) and [Sauce Labs](https://saucelabs.com/).

### Acceptance Testing
Evaluates if the application meets user and business requirements. Tool choice depends on the development stack and language.

### UI/UX Testing
Focuses on the application’s user interface and experience. Often involves manual human testing.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 

## Performance Testing

### 1. Load Testing
Evaluates application performance under heavy traffic using tools like [Apache JMeter](https://jmeter.apache.org/) and [Gatling](https://gatling.io/).

### 2. Speed Testing
Focuses on web page loading times. Tools like [Google PageSpeed Insights](https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/) and [WebPageTest](https://www.webpagetest.org/) are popular.

### 3. Stress Testing
Uncovers potential failures under extreme conditions to ensure application resilience and dependability.

### 4. Scalability Testing
Assesses the application's ability to scale with increased user loads and ensures seamless expansion capabilities.

## The Best Front-End Testing Tools in 2023

### 1. BugBug

![BugBug](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_18_at_16_12_19_24f97bc80b.png)

[BugBug](https://bugbug.io/) is a test automation tool, meticulously crafted to assist quality assurance professionals, testers, developers, and product managers in efficiently recording, executing, diagnosing, and overseeing tests for websites and web applications. 

#### Key Features:
- **Remarkably user-friendly UI**
- **Support for parallel test execution**
- **Intelligent automation of scrolling and waiting for page loading**
- **Seamless integration with any Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) pipeline** 
- **Support for both local and cloud-based test runs**
-  **Parallel testing capabilities**
-   **Unlimited number of test runs and users for free**

You can sign up your business within a few minutes and begin web testing after installing the Chrome extension. After registering you have a **14-day trial** period for Pro plan

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


### 2. Selenium

![selenium](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_08_23_at_11_54_58_ad86e6bf5e.png)

[Selenium](https://www.selenium.dev/) stands as a renowned and open-source test automation framework that has endured the test of time. It provides a versatile platform for automating web apps across diverse browsers and platforms. Selenium boasts support for multiple programming languages, including Java, Python, and JavaScript, rendering it accessible to a broad spectrum of developers.

#### Key Features:
- **Cross-browser compatibility testing**
- **Support for parallel test execution**
- **Extensive browser compatibility** (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, etc.)
- **Seamless integration with frameworks** like [TestNG](https://testng.org/) and [JUnit](https://junit.org/)
- **Thriving and active community support**

Selenium's flexibility and robust capabilities continue to make it a favored choice for web developers and testers in 2023. Its capacity to execute automated tests across a plethora of browsers ensures that web apps are compatible and functional in various environments.


### 3. Cypress

![cypress](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/cypress_cd3bb45857.png)

[Cypress](https://www.cypress.io/) has emerged as a prominent player in the realm of front-end testing due to its user-friendly interface and features that streamline the process. It is a test automation tool and framework that is engineered to empower developers and testers with the ability to write end-to-end tests with simplicity and precision.

#### Key Features:
- **Real-time interactive testing**
- **Automatic waiting for elements to become available**
- **Time-travel debugging**
- **Accessible and intuitive API for writing tests**
- **Seamless integration with popular CI/CD pipelines**

Cypress's commitment to a seamless and productive testing experience has garnered it a dedicated following among web development teams in 2023.

### 4. Rainforest QA 

![rainforest qa screenshot](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_09_18_at_15_58_08_5621ccb18a.png)

[Rainforest QA](https://www.rainforestqa.com) is a comprehensive front-end testing solution that has gained prominence for its extensive features catering to diverse front-end testing needs. It provides a platform that combines automated and manual testing capabilities, offering flexibility and precision to testing teams.

#### Key Features:
- **Test case management**
- **Crowdtesting with a global community of testers**
- **Integration with popular testing tools and frameworks**
- **AI-powered test execution**
- **Real-time reporting and analytics**

Rainforest's holistic approach to front-end testing, encompassing both automation and crowdtesting, empowers organizations to attain meticulous and real-world testing coverage. The integration with AI-driven processes positions it as a valuable asset for achieving testing efficiency and accuracy in 2023.


### 5. TestComplete

![testcomplete screenshot](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/fca05db0_05f9_497f_9eb0_edf870ec4d04_f899033d13.png)

[TestComplete](https://smartbear.com/product/testcomplete/overview/) is a robust and comprehensive test automation tool that caters to both desktop and web apps. It equips testers and developers with a unified platform for creating, executing, and managing automated tests, streamlining the process.

#### Key Features:
- **Cross-platform testing** (Windows, web, mobile)
- **Codeless and script-based test creation**
- **Distributed testing for scalability**
- **Integration with popular CI/CD pipelines**
- **Comprehensive test reporting and analysis**

TestComplete's versatility and cross-platform capabilities make it a versatile choice for organizations in 2023, particularly those dealing with a mix of web and desktop applications.

### 6. Applitools

![applitools](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/applitools_f191290779.png)

[Applitools](https://applitools.com/) distinguishes itself by revolutionizing visual testing with AI-powered functionalities. It offers a visual AI testing platform that allows testers to automate visual validations and effortlessly detect visual discrepancies in web applications.

#### Key Features:
- **Visual AI technology for automated visual testing**
- **Cross-browser and cross-device testing**
- **Integration with popular frameworks and CI/CD pipelines**
- **Intelligent visual validation that detects visual bugs**
- **Root cause analysis for quick issue resolution**

Applitools's innovative approach to visual testing, driven by AI technology, sets it apart as a trailblazer in the field. In 2023, where visual consistency is paramount, Applitools empowers organizations to deliver pixel-perfect user interfaces across diverse environments.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<- 

## Choosing the Right Tool
Consider your team's skills, the tool's features, compatibility, ease of use, integration, support, scalability, and reporting capabilities. Evaluate budget constraints and consider trying tools like [BugBug.io](https://app.bugbug.io/) and [SikuliX](http://sikulix.com/) for free.

## Conclusion
Balancing automation and manual testing, choosing appropriate tools, and following best practices are essential in ensuring quality, functionality, and excellent user experience in web applications.

## FAQ Section

### What is Front End Testing?
It involves evaluating visual and functional elements of web applications to ensure optimal performance and user experience.

### How Important are Front End Testing Tools?
They are vital for automating repetitive tasks, providing accurate results, enhancing user experience, and improving web application performance.

### Which Front End Tool is Best for Performance Testing?
Selection depends on testing requirements, budget, team expertise, and scalability needs. Tools should be chosen based on project-specific needs and requirements.

Happy (automated) testing!


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The Landscape of Front End Testing Tools in 2023

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"What Does QA Testing Do?" in Software Development

Top 15 Codeless Automation Testing Tools for QA

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[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

Whether you are a QA professional or a developer looking to enhance your testing skills, practicing on real-world, bug-ridden websites can provide invaluable experience for app testing. 

In this article, we will explore the significance of website testing, testing challenges, the role of bug testing in website development, and provide a curated **list of websites with bugs for testing** across various domains.

![bug-bounty-bugs-meme](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/bug_bounty_bugs_meme_171b6523f9.jpeg)

## The Importance of Website Testing

**Website testing** is not just a technical formality; it's a critical process that directly impacts your website's functionality, UX, security, and overall success. By investing in thorough testing, you can ensure that your website operates flawlessly, delights users, and helps your business achieve its online goals. 


Whether you're launching a new website or maintaining an existing one, website testing should be an integral part of your web development process. It's a proactive step that can save you time, money, and headaches in the long run, while also ensuring that your online presence remains competitive and reliable in a rapidly evolving digital landscape. 


In the following steps, we will explain which sites will be perfect for practicing automation testing and **finding bugs in software**.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


### 1. Quality Assurance and User Experience

[Software testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/why-is-software-testing-important/) plays a pivotal role in **Quality Assurance**, serving as the cornerstone for ensuring that websites and applications not only meet but also exceed the expected standards of usability and functionality. 


By meticulously identifying and rectifying bugs and glitches before a product's deployment, you pave the way for the creation of a seamless user experience that not only meets but also often exceeds user expectations. 


This dedication to QA is not merely a technical endeavor but a commitment to customer satisfaction, as it directly influences the end user's perception of your brand, reliability, and competence. It can transform casual users into loyal customers, reinforcing your reputation for delivering excellence.

### 2. Accessibility and Compatibility

In today's diverse digital landscape, where a multitude of browsers, operating systems, and mobile devices coexist, websites must undergo rigorous compatibility and accessibility testing. 


This comprehensive testing regimen ensures that your site is readily accessible to all users, regardless of their chosen platform, screen size, or assistive technology. By embracing the principles of universal design, you open the digital doors to a wider and more inclusive audience.

### 3. Security Vulnerabilities

In an era marked by increasing cyber threats and data breaches, website testing emerges as a paramount line of defense. Regular and meticulous testing serves as an essential element in identifying potential security vulnerabilities that could compromise sensitive user data. 


By actively seeking out weaknesses and vulnerabilities in your digital infrastructure, you engage in proactive risk management, guarding against the devastating consequences of data breaches. In doing so, you protect not only your organization's reputation but, more critically, the trust and privacy of your users. 


Effective security testing ensures that your users' information remains confidential, fostering an environment of trust and reliability that is essential for success in today's data-driven landscape.

## The Role of Bug Testing in Website Development

### 1. Types of Bugs

Bugs and errors in software can manifest in various ways, including syntax errors, functional defects, button errors, and other user-interface issues. Automation testing helps identify and categorize these bugs, allowing developers to prioritize and address them effectively.

### 2. Test Scenarios

Creating comprehensive test scenarios and test cases is crucial to uncovering bugs in your website or application. These scenarios simulate real-world usage and interactions, helping you identify issues that may not be apparent in isolated testing.

### 3. Bug Reporting

Effective bug reporting is an integral part of the testing process. Detailed bug reports, including steps to reproduce, expected outcomes, and actual results, assist developers in quickly resolving issues.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## List of Websites with Bugs for Testing

To practice manual and automated testing, here is a curated list of test websites, that can be used to practice manual testing, cross-browser testing, UI testing, API testing, and usability testing:

### 1. Guru99

![guru99.com](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_10_06_at_15_17_32_198f112721.png)

**Website:** [guru99.com](https://guru99.com)

**Guru99** is one of the testing services that serves as an invaluable resource for developers seeking to enhance their skills and knowledge. Whether you are a novice looking to learn the fundamentals of software testing or an experienced professional seeking to expand your expertise, Guru99 offers a vast array of tutorials, guides, and educational materials to cater to all levels of proficiency.

One of the unique features that sets Guru99 apart is its deliberate inclusion of intentionally created bugs on websites. This hands-on approach allows users to search for bugs and gain practical experience in identifying, diagnosing, and rectifying common software issues, effectively turning them into adept problem solvers.

Guru99's extensive library of resources covers various aspects of software testing, quality assurance, and development, making it a one-stop destination for individuals and teams aiming to improve their skills and stay updated with industry best practices. With a commitment to excellence and a user-friendly interface, Guru99 empowers learners to excel in the field of software testing and development.

### 2. UTest

![utest.com](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_10_06_at_15_18_30_e8b92e711a.png)

**Website:** [utest.com](https://utest.com)

Through **UTest,** QA professionals can access a diverse range of applications to search and report bugs. This provides a practical environment to apply their skills, identify defects, and report their findings. By actively participating in these projects, you can not only enhance your testing skills but also contribute to the enhancement of software quality for a wide range of industries and applications.

UTest fosters a vibrant and collaborative community of testers, providing a platform for networking, learning, and career growth. It connects testers with organizations looking for their expertise, creating a win-win situation where testers gain valuable experience, and businesses benefit from improved software quality. 

With its focus on real-world testing opportunities and a commitment to excellence, UTest is a vital resource for testers eager to advance their careers and make a tangible impact on the software industry.

### 3. GitHub - Bug Bounty Programs

![https://bounty.github.com/](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_10_06_at_15_19_58_daa44b0864.png)

**Website:** [bounty.github.com/](https://bounty.github.com/)

**GitHub**, one of the largest platforms for open-source software development, hosts bug bounty programs for numerous open-source projects. These programs offer individuals the opportunity to actively engage in identifying and reporting security vulnerabilities in open-source software. Participants can receive rewards for their contributions, making it a rewarding way to help improve the security of widely-used software.

### 4. Microsoft Bug Bounty

![microsoft.com/en-us/msrc/bounty](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_10_06_at_15_20_48_18a0030532.png)

**Website:** [microsoft.com/en-us/msrc/bounty](https://microsoft.com/en-us/msrc/bounty)

**Microsoft Bug Bounty** program invites security researchers and ethical hackers to discover and report security vulnerabilities, and error messages within Microsoft's products and services. These include popular applications like Office and Windows. Participants in the Bug Bounty program can earn rewards for responsibly disclosing security flaws, ultimately helping Microsoft enhance the security of its software.

### 5. Stack Exchange

![stackexchange.com](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_10_06_at_15_21_35_b1f31ccfdb.png)

**Website:** [stackexchange.com](https://stackexchange.com)

**Stack Exchange** is a network of community-driven question-and-answer websites on various topics, including programming, technology, and software development. These platforms often have minor bugs and usability issues that can serve as excellent practice grounds for bug hunters. 

Engaging in these platforms not only helps individuals improve their bug-finding skills but also assists in maintaining the quality and usability of the websites within the Stack Exchange network.

### 6. Healthcare Websites

**Healthcare websites** frequently deal with sensitive information and complex functionalities. Exploring different healthcare websites can help you identify bugs related to data security.

### 7. E-commerce Sites

**Online shops** often have a complex structure, including shopping carts, authentication processes, and payment gateways. It's especially helpful if you are in the e-commerce business and you want to learn how tofind bugs on your website. 

Buggy websites are all over the internet, so you can easily start to find bugs related to login functionalities, user-interface issues, etc. It's worth to also check them in popular browsers like Google Chrome, Safari, and Mozilla Firefox. 

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## How to Find Bugs on Your Website?

Effective website and mobile app testing is a crucial step in ensuring the quality and security of your applications. Bugs you find thanks to those websites can help you better prepare for the challenges of real-world testing scenarios. 


Whether you are a manual tester or an automation engineer, honing your skills on these websites will make you a more proficient and valuable member of any development team. So, log in, start testing, and become a bug-hunting guru in the world of [software quality assurance](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/quality-engineering-vs-quality-assurance/).

If you want to start with codeless test automation, check out [BugBug.io](BugBug.io) documentation and the best alternatives to popular tools like Selenium, Rainforest QA, and Cypress.


**Happy (automated) testing!**



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Best Websites with Bugs for Testing

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

Test maintenance is not merely a task to be performed occasionally but a continuous process that must be integrated into the automation framework infrastructure. 


In this article, we will explore how **test maintenance** guarantees accuracy and relevance of test cases, particularly in the context of code changes. Join us as we uncover the best practices that can help you save costs and time.


## Definition of Test Maintenance

Test maintenance is the process of managing and updating test cases in software testing to ensure their continued relevance and effectiveness. It involves regularly reviewing and modifying test cases to align them with the evolving codebase. 

This process is crucial for preserving the integrity of the testing effort and ensuring that code quality remains high. Automation frameworks often play a central role in efficient and less time-consuming testing.

In essence, test maintenance is an essential practice supporting the overall goal of delivering reliable and high-quality products. It's a continuous and integral part of the testing lifecycle.

## The Lifecycle of Test Maintenance in Software Testing

**Lifecycle** refers to a sequence of stages through which various entities, such as individuals, cultures, or manufactured products, progress over their lifetimes. In the context of application testing, it signifies the orderly progression of activities undertaken by the testing team to optimize the process.

### 1. Preparing for Test Automation

**A. Understanding the Existing Test Suite**

The journey begins by comprehensively understanding the existing test suite. This involves evaluating the current test cases, both manual and automated, and their coverage. By gaining insights into the scope and depth of the suite, you can make informed decisions about which tests should be automated.

**B. Identifying Maintenance Needs**

It's time to identify potential maintenance needs. This step involves anticipating how your application may evolve and change over time. By forecasting these changes, you can proactively plan for test maintenance, reducing the risk of test case obsolescence and ensuring long-term relevance. 

Stay up to date with the latest tools and no-code solutions. They can help with desktop and browser UI tests without extensive coding skills.

### 2. Executing Test Maintenance

With your preparation in place, you're now ready to execute the actual test maintenance tasks.

**A. Test Script Updates**

As your application undergoes code changes and updates, your test scripts must evolve accordingly. This involves reviewing and modifying automated test scripts to align them with the latest codebase. Ensuring that your test scripts accurately reflect the application's functionality is vital to maintaining test suite reliability.

**B. Test Data Maintenance**

It's essential to keep test data up to date and relevant to reflect changes in the application's features and functionalities. Failure to maintain test data can lead to false positives or negatives during testing, compromising the quality of your testing effort.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

### 3. Post-Maintenance Evaluation

Once you've executed test maintenance activities, it's crucial to evaluate the results and ensure that your testing process remains effective.

**A. Regression Testing**

This step involves re-running all relevant tests to confirm that the application's core functionality remains intact after the changes. This approach helps identify any unintended side effects of code modifications.

**B. Documentation Updates**

Documentation is the backbone of any successful testing effort. Post-maintenance evaluation includes updating test documentation to reflect the changes made during test maintenance. This ensures that your testing team has access to accurate and up-to-date information, enhancing collaboration and knowledge sharing.

## Challenges in Test Maintenance

Being effective is crucial for sustaining a robust process, but it comes with its fair share of challenges. Understanding and addressing these challenges is essential for maintaining the reliability and relevance of your testing efforts. Here's the list of typical challenges you may encounter:

### 1. Flakiness in Test Scripts

Flakiness refers to the inconsistency in test results, where a test may pass one time and fail another, without any changes to the application code. This can be caused by various factors, including synchronization issues, timing problems, or environmental fluctuations. Resolving script flakiness requires meticulous debugging and optimization.

### 2. Evolving Application Interfaces

When the user interface or underlying functionality of an application undergoes changes, it necessitates the updating of test cases and scripts that interact with these interfaces. Failure to adapt to evolving GUI can lead to test failures, bugs, and reduced test coverage, posing a significant challenge in test maintenance.

### 3. Changes in Test Environments

Alterations in the test environment, such as database schema changes, server configurations, or network setups, can impact the execution of test cases. Maintaining compatibility between test environments and test scripts is vital to make sure that tests accurately reflect the production environment.

### 4. Resource Constraints

Resource constraints, including limited time, budget, and personnel, can impede effective test maintenance. As software projects progress, new features are developed, and existing ones are modified, increasing the workload for test maintenance. 

Limited resources may hinder the ability to keep up with the pace of change, potentially leading to deferred maintenance and a growing backlog of updates.

## Best Practices for Automated Test Maintenance

Automated test maintenance is a crucial aspect of the software testing process. To streamline this essential task, consider these best practices:

### 1. Implement Version Control for Test Scripts

By tracking changes and maintaining different versions of your test scripts, you can easily revert to a stable state if issues arise during maintenance. This guarantees that every test script is managed systematically and can be updated with confidence.

### 2. Use Codeless Tools for Test Automation

[No-code test automation tools](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/record-and-play-vs-coded-automation-testing/), such as **BugBug**, are designed to be user-friendly and require little to no coding knowledge. This accessibility enables testers, business analysts, and subject-matter experts (SMEs) to create and maintain automated tests without relying heavily on specialized automation engineers. 

Coding culture and naming can differ from one QA Engineer to the other. It's better to keep it visual, so there is no confusion and test quality is maintained.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

### 3. Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) Integration

Integrate your automated tests into your CI/CD pipeline. This practice helps check that tests run automatically with every code change, providing rapid feedback to engineers and reducing the likelihood of regressions. Automation within the CI/CD pipeline helps keep tests aligned with code changes.

Read more about the benefits of [CI/CD Pipeline implementation](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/benefits-of-ci-cd-pipeline/).

### 4. Develop Test Data Management Strategies

Test data is a critical component of automated testing, and maintaining it is essential. Consider using techniques such as data generation, data masking, or data virtualization to guarantee that your tests have access to the necessary data without compromising data security or privacy.

### 5. Set Up Automated Monitoring and Alerts

Implementing tools that continuously monitor test executions can quickly detect failures or issues, allowing you to address them promptly. Automated alerts help with a proactive approach, rather than reactive.

### 6. Collaborate!

Promote collaboration between development and testing teams. Effective communication and collaboration are key to identifying and addressing issues related to test maintenance. Regular meetings and discussions between teams can help align testing efforts with code changes and prevent misalignments.


## Test Maintenance Metrics

**Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)**

KPIs are essential for setting targets, monitoring progress, and making data-driven decisions to improve performance and achieve strategic objectives. They provide a clear and quantifiable way to assess whether an organization is on track to meet its goals and, if not, what actions need to be taken to course-correct. 

Tracking KPIs allows you to gauge the effectiveness of your test maintenance efforts. These can include metrics like test case pass rates, test execution times, defect detection rates, and test coverage. KPIs provide quantitative insights into the quality and efficiency of your testing process.

**Continuous Improvement Initiatives**

Implementing continuous improvement initiatives is essential to enhance your test maintenance practices continually. These initiatives involve regular retrospectives, feedback loops, and process refinements to address identified issues and optimize the test maintenance process over time.

## Test Maintenance in Agile and DevOps Environments

In Agile and DevOps methodologies, test maintenance plays a crucial role in ensuring that testing processes remain aligned with the fast-paced development cycles. Here are three key aspects of test maintenance in Agile and DevOps environments:

### 1. Incorporating Test Maintenance into Agile Cycles

**Sprint Alignment**

In Agile, test maintenance should be seamlessly integrated into sprint cycles. As new features are developed and existing code is modified, corresponding test cases must be updated in parallel to guarantee accurate testing.

**Continuous Feedback**

Agile promotes frequent feedback loops. Testers should work closely with developers to identify changes and understand how they impact existing tests. This collaboration allows for timely adjustments and reduces the risk of testing bottlenecks.

**Regression Testing**

Regression testing is a cornerstone of Agile. Automated regression tests should be part of the sprint's Definition of Done (DoD). This way, new features do not introduce unintended issues. This requires continuous maintenance of regression test suites.

### 2. CI/CD Pipeline Integration

**Automated Test Execution**

Incorporate automated tests into the Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) pipeline. Automated tests should be triggered automatically whenever code changes are committed.


**Immediate Feedback**

CI/CD integration provides immediate feedback to developers. If a test fails due to changes in the codebase, developers can address the issue promptly, reducing the time and effort required for test maintenance.

**Test Environment Consistency**

Make sure that the test environment in the [CI/CD pipeline](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/benefits-of-ci-cd-pipeline/) closely mirrors the production environment. This consistency helps identify issues early and minimizes discrepancies that could lead to test failures.

### 3. Test Automation and Continuous Testing

**Automation-First Approach**

In DevOps, automation is key. Prioritize test automation from the outset of development projects. This not only reduces manual testing efforts but also eases the burden of maintaining automated tests, as they can be updated more efficiently.

**Continuous Testing**

Embrace continuous testing practices, where tests run continuously as code is developed. Continuous testing detects defects early and provides tests synchronized with code changes, reducing the need for extensive test maintenance.

**Feedback Loops**

Establish feedback loops between automated test results and development teams. When tests fail, integrate mechanisms for developers to receive notifications and detailed information about the failures to expedite issue resolution.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Test Management Tools

There are many testing tools available for maintenance, but some of the best ones are:

### 1. Zephyr Enterprise

![Zephyr Enterprise](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_10_04_at_11_19_50_16edf489e2.png)

This is a test management solution that helps you plan, execute, track, and report on your testing activities from a single tool. It integrates with popular tools like Jira, Jenkins, Selenium, and more. It also supports test automation, test case reuse, traceability, and defect management.

### 2. PractiTest

![PractiTest](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_10_04_at_11_21_00_215cb88a25.png)

This is an end-to-end test management platform that allows you to manage your QA efforts in one place. It supports requirements management, test design, test execution, defect tracking, reporting, and integrations with various tools. It also offers a cloud-based or on-premise deployment option.

### 3. Jira Software

![jira software](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_10_04_at_11_22_12_cb72220e8d.png)

This is a project management tool that can also be used for test management. It allows you to create, assign, prioritize, and track your tasks and issues. It also integrates with many test automation and test management tools like TestRail, Zephyr, Xray, and more. It also offers a customizable workflow and dashboard.

### 4. TestCollab

![testcollab](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_10_04_at_11_23_11_eda1c55d85.png)

This is a simple and intuitive test management tool that helps you manage your test cases, test plans, test runs, and defects. It integrates with popular bug tracking tools like Jira, Redmine, Mantis, and more. It also supports test automation with tools like Selenium, TestNG, PHPUnit, and more.

### 5. QACoverage

![qacoverage](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/Screenshot_2023_10_04_at_11_24_09_b9c77249a4.png)

This is a comprehensive test management tool that helps you manage your requirements, test cases, test execution, defects, and reports. It supports traceability matrix, risk-based testing, test automation integration, and real-time collaboration. It also offers a cloud-based or on-premise deployment option.


## Conclusion

In conclusion, effective test maintenance is the cornerstone of a robust and efficient testing process. It helps your team, both developers and testers, work quickly and efficiently. 

Implementing the best practices, tools, and methodologies described above will ensure that your automated tests remain reliable, up-to-date, and aligned with the ever-evolving software landscape. 

Addressing small errors that can slip into the code and keeping tests up-to-date with code changes prevents the accumulation of technical debt and minimizes the risk of false positives. Ensure the continuity of these practices for a resilient, dynamic, and effective testing environment.


**Happy (automated) testing!**

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Best Practices of Test Maintenance in Software Testing

Read about best practices from the test automation world. Get practical tips, valuable insights, and improve your QA process.

Blog about test automation

Reliable, modern end-to-end test automation tool that improves testers’ and developers’ work.


Before you release your product into the market, it is extremely important to properly test whether it’s functioning as intended. To do that, software developers utilize a variety of testing techniques that verify the software’s integrity. To thoroughly check their software from start to finish, developers implement **End-to-End testing**, often simply called **E2E** testing – an elaborate technique that mimics end user experience. 

There are many layers to End to End testing, as it is one of the most complex testing methods. This type of testing involves testing every part of your software that the end-user interacts with in any imaginable way.

With this guide, we want to show you the importance of E2E tests, as well as tell you precisely what they are, including a few specific examples.

**Also see:** if you're new to software automation, take a look at this [beginner's guide to automation with step-by-step screenshots](https://docs.bugbug.io/in-depth-guides/beginners-tutorial-to-automation-testing).

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

## What exactly is End-to-End testing?

**End-to-End testing** is one of the most useful and informative techniques for software testing, providing valuable data about the inner workings of the program from the end-user perspective. With E2E testing, developers can thoroughly verify the behaviour of their software. During the test, you will be trying to replicate key user behaviour scenarios when using your software. The actual list of things to do varies, depending on the type of software you’re testing – but in all cases, it is rather extensive.

When performing a software testing method, like an End-to-End test on a web application, you would start with opening your browser and navigating to the proper URL, and then proceeding to use the software as intended for the end-user.

Similarly, in the case of a regular desktop application or mobile application, you would open the app just like a user would, checking out every bit of functionality that is intended for the users to work with. Keep in mind that during E2E testing you won’t need to check developer-specific aspects of the software, only the end-user perspective if it is important to you.

## End-to-End test goals

During an E2E test, your goal is to verify all of the dependencies and data integrity that directly or indirectly influence the reception of the software by the end-user. This usually includes any external services, as well as databases used by the software and metrics, as well as any other system dependencies. 

E2E tests will ideally be performed in the production environment, but this isn’t always possible. The tests can, of course, be performed in an independent End-to-End testing environment, but you should make sure it is as close to the production environment as possible.

Within the SDLC process, E2E tests are performed in the Testing phase, which is situated after Coding and before Deployment. 
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Why is End-to-End testing important?

Is End-to-End testing necessary? It is true that more and more developers make sure to implement an E2E testing phase before the final deployment of their software. There are many benefits to E2E tests, but the most crucial ones are:

- The ability to verify software performance from the end-user perspective
- Testing verifies not only the software itself but also any interrelated sub systems, increasing test coverage
- Validation of back-end systems
- Immediate end-user-like feedback on test failing

While tests such as unit testing or integration testing are very useful (functional testing), allowing you to verify the working of each component and providing quick results, they don’t give you the whole picture. By not performing E2E tests, you won’t know how the experience of using your software will look like from the end-user perspective.

For example, individual component testing (integration tests) might show promising results and full functionality. However, when combined, something goes wrong and produces a bug. By only checking individual components, you wouldn’t be able to find out about the bug. 

With a proper End-to-End test, you can verify whether everything works correctly together as it should. Even integration testing doesn’t cover all of the system components of your software, and you might never know whether every aspect of your app clicks together.

E2E testing doesn’t necessarily have to discover bugs – it can also give you useful insight into the user scenario of your product. Overall, all types of tests play their respective roles in the whole vertical end-to-end testing process (differently to horizontal end-to-end tests). Just because E2E tests give you a more complex understanding of your software as a whole doesn’t mean that other test types are less valuable. 

Before releasing your app, always make sure to proceed with a thought-through testing strategy. However, while they’re certainly extremely useful, keep in mind that E2E tests occupy the top of the testing pyramid, making them the most expensive and most difficult to perform.

End-to-End testing is also one of the few functional types of tests that can be performed manually, as well as automated - which is done especially often in Continuous Integration. In such a scenario, a chosen set of tests can be run automatically each time a new iteration is uploaded to the testing server.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Benefits of end-to-end testing

One of the goals of this software testing technique is to simulate the end-user's perspective. This means that this type of testing helps to verify not only the security or performance, but the business aspect as well. It will check whether the software collects and processes data as it was designed to do. End-to-end testing is essential for a comprehensive validation of your product. This testing ensures that all integrated parts of the application work together as expected.

Another purpose of E2E testing is to mitigate risks. E2E testing verifies if the software is ready for deployment. The confidence in stability is a crucial factor which the stakeholders consider while approving the next release. 

There are obviously much more obvious benefits of this form of testing (like bug fixing or testing across different user scenarios), but we described them already in this article.

## End-to-End Testing Framework

Alright, so now you know what End-to-End testing is – but how to exactly implement it? There is a wide variety of checks and individual tests that must be covered by your end-to-end testing plan, some of which include:

- Establishing test requirements in the preparation phase (including software and hardware requirements)
- Creating proper documentation
- Deciding what type of test environment will be used (production environment or independent test environment)
- Preparation of test cases and general E2E design
- Tracking of data input and output
- Test execution and evaluation

When executing E2E testing methods, developers usually follow an established E2E testing framework that guides you throughout the process, enumerating various tasks and responsibilities. The framework is relatively simple and consists of only three elements:

### Establish user functions

The User Functions relates to listing the features of your software, as well as all of its interconnected software systems. To properly measure and test software functionality, you need to first think about what you’re going to test. After you’re finished with listing user functions, remember to record everything relevant to each of them, including both the input and output data. Since E2E testing can be considered holistic, you also need to pay attention to all of the relations between every individual function – how they work together and whether there are any clashes.

### Come up with specific conditions

Now that you have established the user functions you’re going to test, you need to think about the testing conditions. Try to come up with as many quantifiable indicators that can be measured for each of the functions. These can range from response time to consistency of data flow, to simple convenience of use. Remember – you’re trying to imagine yourself as an end-user, so try to keep track of anything that might be an issue for a non-developer.

### Create individual test cases

Finally, before the E2E testing can commence, you need to prepare specific test cases for each of the conditions. At this point, you have prepared a list of user functions to test, as well as data conditions that will be measured during the test. Now, you need to create at least one test case for each of the conditions. By test cases, we mean user scenarios during which specific indicators will be able to be measured.

And by test case preparation status, we mean the precise location of the test instances being developed, as compared to intended test cases.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## End-to-end test cases for your testing process

Congratulations, you’ve almost reached the end! At this point, you should pretty much be a walking fountain of knowledge about End-to-End tests. However, the raw theory is one thing, and implementing those types of tests for system testing in reality is another. To make the process a bit more digestible, consider this End-to-End testing example for a website with shopping functionality:

- Go to the specified URL
- Open a list of products
- Check whether the information on the list correlates with specific product pages
- Try to add the product to the cart and look for visible confirmation
- Navigate to the cart and check whether the product has been successfully added
- Double-check all of the relevant information (price, product info, etc.)
- Proceed with the check-out and verify payment options integration

See how simple it is in the end? Now you can implement E2E testing methodology in your software to ensure better end-user reception, increase your product quality, and build a positive brand image.

This is just a high level example. If you would like to learn how to create a proper test case from start to end, please check out our article on [test case creation](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/how-to-write-automation-test-cases/). You will have a better understanding on how to design test cases for manual and automatic testing. Also check out our other topics in our testing guide. 

## End to End testing tools

Proper tools may play a crucial role in reducing your effort by automating your end-to-end tests. These tools provide a range of features and capabilities to support horizontal testing and vertical testing of the entire system. They allow testers to perform comprehensive testing processes. Choosing a proper tool for testing is typically a long-term investment. If you research and choose a tool that will enable you to execute and record complex user scenarios and allow testing across multiple technologies, your job will be way easier. 

One of the tools that meet such requirements is BugBug. This automated testing tool proved its efficiency for many clients. On the picture below you might see how many steps might an end-to-end scenario actually have.

![n example of a passed test with a proper output statement.](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/88bc1d9e_16f8_4e1a_b33d_15e2a8d17cdf_cdfc84abfc.webp)

## Summary

End-to-end testing is a type of testing that focuses on validating the whole system from start to finish rather then testing individual functionalities. It is often seen as a software testing methodology, but it is not the case. It may be a part of a methodology (i.e. Agile testing) but it is by definition a type of software testing. 

Performing end-to-end testing covers an important task of checking data flows and focuses on testing if any functional gaps occur. This type of testing is necessary to verify if the software is ready for the next release cycle.

## Frequently Asked Questions

1. **What is automated testing?** \
Automated testing in software development is a form of software testing that uses the execution of predefined sets of operations to probe and validate the software system. The fundamental purpose of automation testing in software development is to generate objective feedback about the quality of the product. One such testing tool is Selenium. It can run UI tests. The ideal situation is to run E2E tests with both manual testing and automated testing approaches. If your application has a lot of complicated user interfaces, you'll need more end-to-end testing.

2. **What is software development lifecycle?** \
Software development lifecycle (SDLC) is the process used by developers to create, deploy and maintain software. This process includes several steps that are all closely connected with one another. These steps include requirements gathering, analysis and design, coding and testing.

3. **What is a testing pyramid?** \
In software development projects, we have limited time and resources. This is why it's important to consider our test efforts carefully and find the right balance between different types of testing. Basically, there are 3 layers in the testing pyramid: Unit Tests, Integration Tests, and E2E Tests.

3. **What is a selector?** \
A selector is a small piece of code that describes a specific button in your app. It allows you to clearly define what should be clicked in automated end-to-end tests. You can learn more about selectors using [this interactive XPath learning tool](https://bugbug.io/xpath-selector-builder/?ref=blogarticle)



Happy (automated) testing!


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What is End-to-End (E2E) Testing?

Professional Quality Evangelist, experienced in testing web and mobile applications.  
[linkedin.com/in/kinga-witko-b5bba659/](https://linkedin.com/in/kinga-witko-b5bba659/)

Kinga Witko

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The term “shift left” expresses movement. It can describe the movement of an entire team or individuals.
What does it do in a project or an entire development lifecycle? Putting it simply,  it reflects the position of testing on a timeline. 

**Shift Left means testing earlier in the development process.** It also means repositioning the engagement, development, and testing efforts towards the customer.


Typically, in a traditional (waterfall) model of software making, testing lands at the end of the pipeline or is one of the last phases of the process. Bringing testing at the very last stage usually causes many problems such as:

- delays in the deployment
- a lot of bugs at the end of the development lifecycle
- bugs discovered just before or after the release to production
- lack of collaboration between developers and testers through the entire process.

Poor software quality is one of the most harmful consequences of all of these pains listed above.

At first, the team members do not communicate with each other and they fail to communicate the problems early. 

It must not necessarily be a bug; sometimes there is some issue with the application setup, there is no testing environment, access to certain resources (such as specific tooling or external software providers), the task description is vague, or the team setup is incorrect. 

If communicated and fixed earlier, the entire process can be smoother and cause less frustration in the team. It also encourages people to focus more on the code quality and to deliver earlier and faster.

Most of those issues can be avoided by changing the style of working and shifting testing efforts at the beginning of the process.
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## Agile way of working

If you care about the quality of your product, your mindset has probably shifted left already.

This approach is strongly connected with the agile way of thinking and using agile work methods in software projects.


In this setup, testing is an integrated part of the team and accelerates software development at higher quality. As a result, testers can identify bugs sooner, saving time and effort. Notably, the earlier you test, the less expensive bugs are to fix.


[T The Seven Testing Principles (ISTQB)](https://www.istqb.org/downloads/syllabi/foundation-level-syllabus.html) tell that testing everything is not possible unless a system or functionality is very simple. In practice, however,  the testing efforts should be targeted appropriately at the risk analysis, techniques, and bugs prioritization rather than be attempted thorough testing. 


One of the good methods of approaching testing strategy for a specific application can be the guideline from [Agile Testing Quadrants](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/agile-testing-quadrants/). The quadrants are a taxonomy to help teams plan the testing process and testing activities and make sure they have all the resources they need to accomplish it.


## Shift Left approach and DevOps and agile background

With the rise of the DevOps movement, there is an increased focus on delivering automated, continuous improvement. It holds true for development and testing alike.

What is more, Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Delivery (CD) are core software development disciplines integrated into the agile software development cycle. The point is to release fully-tested and stable builds early and as often as possible. Development, delivery, and test automation are crucial components of this process. 

## What it means to “Shift Left”

As mentioned at the beginning, Shift Left testing pushes testing to the “left”, to the earlier stages in the pipeline. This improves software quality and reduces time spent on resolving issues later in the pipeline.

Introducing testing early on the “left-side” of the development process, starting with unit tests and complementing with functional and integration tests is fundamental to making CI/CD happen. But that may not be enough.

The team can go even further: to eliminate unclear and contradicting requirements and improve the end-user experience, it is best to involve test engineers in the clarifying and prioritising application requirements. Test engineers can check the available or newly created requirements or user stories for clarity, consistency, testability, and traceability.

This also improves the shift towards client happiness. An early review of the requirements and spotting the flaws marks an early start of the communication with the end-user. 

The Shift Left approach introduces more care and thought exchange concerning the client. The team can be perceived as more proactive and more dedicated to the best quality standards of a project.
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## Benefits of Shift Left Testing for Agile and Devops teams

Agile teams benefit most from Shift Left Testing in terms of clearer specifications, smoother implementations, earlier testing, and reduced costs. However, Shift Right Testing has more benefits like the ability to incorporate user and system feedback based on real usage scenarios. 

In opposition to testing early, Shift Right can provide an additional context to the testing scenarios. Shifting right means testing at the end of the process, typically when the software is deployed to production (the post-production environment). 

It is performed by a group of experts or selected end-users. It can utilize testing methods such as API Monitoring, using Feature Toggles, or measuring the performance of a live application. 

This helps to understand the application better and discover some other flaws that could have been omitted earlier.

Nevertheless, when quality comes first:

- developers spend more time on coding because they discuss potentially good solutions - they do not investigate who pushes the code first into production without testing

- there are Unit Tests beside the application code, available and maintainable

- there is an infrastructure that allows testing before pushing to production, usually the entire team is responsible for the process health

- there is room for improvement and mistakes

- developers pair up to catch obvious errors on the fly and learn from one another

- teams estimate tasks together, taking quality and risks into account

- potential risks in the systems are spotted and minimized rather than left alone

And finally - the application is tested - not only by one automated or manual test  but by a set of different functional and non-functional scenarios. 

The tests are regularly reviewed, adjusted, and observed. This approach introduces a new way of working and highlights the value of testing.


## Benefits of the Shift-Left Testing approach

The idea of shift left testing is simple to understand but hard to implement in the development cycle. It is worth the effort though, especially when the team and the entire organization understands the main benefits of this approach, such as:

- Lower costs - as explained above, bugs detected earlier are less expensive to fix.

- Increased efficiency in the software development process.

- Improved product quality and reliability because more bugs are detected at earlier stages.

- Reduced time to market since the QA process covers the entire development cycle, not only its’ last phase.

- A competitive advantage gained by letting development teams move fast, build and defend their credibility by innovating in iterations.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Get started with “Shift Left” Testing in Agile

How to approach the change and switch to early software testing? Here is the basic list: 


1. **Plan**

Shape development in a way that is friendly to Shift Left testing. Once the requirements have been established, developers and testers should ideate how to shape the coding and software testing as early as possible. 


Depending on the product expectations as well as the limitations of the team, specific strategies, such as involving testers in the project since the planning phase or using the TDD approach, might have to be crafted to accommodate the Shift Left way of working.


2.** Review the requirements**

It is best to verify not only the existing code but also all the requirements necessary for the code to be written. Early verification can spot obvious mistakes.


3. **Use Static Code Analysis**

Static code analysis is the practice of checking the code without executing it. It runs through the basic code structure and ensures that the code is aligned with many standards and guidelines. By following the approach the team can early detect:

- Programming errors

- Violations of commonly followed coding standards

- Syntax anomalies

- Security issues

A static code analysis is best done via automation. The software should scan all untested codes in a project before it moves to the test phase.

4. **Collaborate**

As in any other [agile testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/agile-testing-organized-chaos-or-a-planned-way-of-improving-your-software/) technique - early software testing requires a lot of collaboration with the team: Developers, Product Managers, Business Analysts, and other stakeholders responsible for the overall product. 

Everybody needs to understand the value of the Shift Left approach and spot the difference after some time of the new process introduction because as a result, the client benefits from better software quality and receives a lovable product.

## Conclusion for Left Shift Testing in test automation

There are a number of benefits to left shift testing in test automation. One of the primary benefits is that it helps to identify defects earlier in the development cycle. This means that defects can be caught and addressed before they become more complex and costly to fix. In addition, left shift testing can help to reduce the overall time and effort required for testing by identifying and addressing issues earlier in the process.

Another benefit of left shift testing in test automation is that it can help to improve the quality of the software being developed. By identifying and addressing defects earlier in the process, developers can ensure that the software they are creating is of higher quality and meets the requirements of the end-users.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


One of the keys to successful left shift testing in test automation is to incorporate testing into the development process **from the very beginning**. This means that testing is not an afterthought or an additional step at the end of the development process, but rather an integral part of the development process itself. Test automation tools and frameworks can be used to automate testing activities and make it easier to incorporate testing into the development process.

It is also important to involve testers in the development process as early as possible. This allows them to provide feedback and identify potential issues before they become more complex and difficult to fix. Testers can also work with developers to ensure that the code being developed is testable, and that the testing process is efficient and effective.

Overall, **left shift testing is an important approach in test automation that can help to improve the quality of software, reduce testing time and effort, and identify defects earlier in the development process**. By incorporating testing into the development process from the very beginning, developers and testers can work together to create software that is of higher quality and meets the needs of the end-users.

Happy (automated) testing!

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Shift Left Testing Explained

Guides to Test Automation

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Testing Tools for Web Application - The Ultimate Guide 2023

Testing is an ever-present part of a software developer’s job, performed at every stage of the production process. There is a wide range of test types used for software testing, some performed at various points during production, and some performed after production to confirm that the software functions as intended.

Regression testing is performed on a product that has already been finished and released. How exactly is it performed? What are the objectives and how does the procedure look? If you’re keen to find out, keep on reading as we explain everything you should know about regression testing.

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

## The definition of Regression Testing

**Regression testing** is a software testing method that aims to investigate and locate any possible flaws or bugs in software that has already been fully developed. Regression Testing is performed to find out whether your software has regressed (surprise, surprise) as you continue introducing new updates and bug fixes. Whenever a piece of software is changed in any way, new bugs might emerge and some of the older ones re-emerge.

Most often, regression testing is performed immediately after introducing a new update, but it isn’t the only factor that might call for the test. If any software or hardware-related factor has changed, regression testing should be committed to find out whether everything performs as it has before the change. 

This can include any sort of bug fixes and software changes, but regression might also be caused by hardware configuration changes and electronic component degradation over time. Regression testing isn’t easy – it requires cooperation and diligence out of all of the team members, which makes it perfect for agile software development practices.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Regression Testing process

As with most testing efforts regression testing is an art rather than science. Let us describe the regression testing process that our development team uses. You may then use and adapt it to your existing test strategy. As regression testing is a type of testing that occurs whenever any change in your software occurs, the smartest way to start is to..

### Identify code changes

This will allow you to asses the number of test cases for regression testing that will need to be created. The testing team will need information on the impact that the current changes may have on the whole application. This is done also during this step.

### Prioritize changes

You finished step one with a list. Now you need to create a queue out of it. By proper prioritizing the changes in your software application you reduce the amount of time you will use on 

### Select for re-run

This is the part where the selection of test cases is performed. After the first test is done, test cases are categorized into reusable and obsolete ones. The reusable ones create a regression test suite. The others are will not be used for regression. 

### Categorize manual and automated regression test cases

Here is where the test automation actually begins. Test cases that occur more often within one process are perfect candidates to for the automation tool to do the work for you. If you want to automate tests in a fast and efficient way, try BugBug as your tool for regression testing. You will soon find out that it is great to reduce regression testing costs.

### Prioritize test cases

Here is where regression testing becomes a tad tricky. One would think, that the most often occurring test cases should have the biggest priority, right? Well the theory on that one is a tad different. The need for regression testing, therefor the priority, is the highest for those cases, that cover all essential features. The lowest on the other hand are stated as "technical complexities". 

### Plan and execute

This one is rather obvious, but we have to put it here. After doing all the analysis, you have to plan when regression testing is done and "push the execute button". 

## Regression Testing techniques

Regression testing can include various functional and non-functional tests in its process to thoroughly investigate the software in search of flaws. There are also many techniques with which developers and QA specialists perform regression testing, including:

- Retest All
- Regression Test Selection
- Test Case Prioritization
- Hybrid approach

### Retest All – an accurate yet expensive solution

**The Retest All ** technique is the most accurate and all-around method of regression testing, but it is also the most expensive one. In Retest All, every test case is checked again on the software to confirm if all of its parts are working as intended. That’s all there is to Retest All – it might be simple in definition, but it is definitely the hardest and most costly technique to actually perform.

### Regression Test Selection – when you realize you might not have enough for a Retest All

**Regression Test Selection** has been designed as a solution to the expensive nature of the Retest All technique. In RTS we don’t run all of the tests in our test suite, but instead we divide all of the tests into three categories – reusable test cases, retestable test cases, and obsolete test cases. In addition, RTS might actually create new test cases that haven’t been in the suite before, but might be relevant for regression tests.

If you’re interested in finding out more about regression testing examples, we recommend taking a look at Understanding Regression Testing Techniques by Gaurav Duggal and Bharti Suri. The authors further divide RTS techniques, naming two most important categories – coverage techniques and minimization techniques, and explain what are safe techniques.

**Coverage techniques** feature specific coverage criteria, often provided by the client who wants their software regression tested. These techniques sift through all test cases, selecting only the ones that are relevant for the covered parts of your software. **Minimization techniques** work in a way similar to coverage techniques, but instead of selecting cases based on set criteria, you select a minimum set of cases that you think will do the job.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

### Test Case Prioritization – a rational approach

**Test Case Prioritization** aims to maximize the rate of fault detection, creating the most thorough regression test for the lowest cost. First you prioritize the test cases one by one. Then all of them are performed in order, starting from the most important one and finishing on the least important one. Thanks to that, even if your resources aren’t enough to perform all of the tests in your suite, you will still perform the ones that should detect the most flaws.

**TSP** might be performed in two ways – the first one, called **General Prioritization**, selects test cases that should be effective (on average) on all versions of the software you’re working with. The other way, called Version Specific **Prioritization**, only takes into account a specific version of the software, without considering other existing or potential future versions.

### Hybrid approach – the best of both worlds

When choosing one technique of regression testing is impossible – why not combine the best features of Regression Test Selection and Test Case Prioritization? 

The hybrid approach is still being developed, and every researcher gives a personal spin on the idea. Since there isn’t an exact definition of what a hybrid approach actually is, there are tons of versions available – each one with its own upsides and downsides.

## Regression Testing tools

Regression testing ensures that each version of your software runs smoothly. We have described various regression testing techniques, but our article would not be complete without a few hints of what tool to use for proper test execution. 

Regression testing is used on an incremented basis. Each release of your software means building another layer of an already high pile of multiple regression test cases. A good tool will allow you to perform regression tests without writing a single line of code. 

If you want a specific list of tools, please redirect to our article [HERE](https://bugbug.io/blog/guides/testing-tools-for-web-application/).

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Disadvantages of regression testing

Well now that's a shocker isn't it? We have many articles on testing in the BugBug blog, and never have I ever wrote anything negative about testing. Until now. We found four "buts" on regression testing and we tried to tackle them immediately.

- "but regression testing is time consuming" - yes, but only if you only perform a manual test, this is why selecting a good testing tool is essential
- "but you have to do it after even the smallest patch" - yes, but this is why you build a good regression cycle. You store all the recurring tests and only build a few on top of them for that given patch. It is like CI/CD for your testing process
- "but that process might interfere with the sprint planning" - only if you do regression tests without automation. Think of it from a business perspective - would you have a task that goes cross-sprint or a large bug in the production environment?
- "but it is difficult, to write those test cases" - ah, an oldie but a goodie. There are great no-code regression testing tools. Those might be used not only by QA or other technical personnel but by a PM. Such a person would be even able to automate the test or record and recreate it. 

Regression testing is one of the key ways to have your code thoroughly checked and ready to start earning you money!

## Conclusion – is Regression Testing necessary?

As you have already learned, regression testing plays a key role in keeping the quality of your software as high as possible for as long as possible. Updates and changes to your software might introduce new problems, which is exactly why regression testing is so important – to keep user experience high throughout all iterations of your program.

Not all projects require regression testing, of course. In projects that are already finished and won’t be further updated, regression testing is mostly irrelevant. However, if you are planning to continue development further – never forget to properly regression test your software before releasing an update.


Happy (automated) testing!

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