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Software Testing Knowledge

A self-taught software QA Engineer, Dominika has experience in web testing. Currently, she is focusing on developing her test automation skills with Cypress. Apart from programming, she likes to make pottery and cook vegetarian delicacies.  
[linkedin.com/in/dominikanykiel](https://linkedin.com/in/dominikanykiel)

Dominika Nykiel

I write about technology and help people who use it. I've always been fascinated by the details of things - how they work and what makes them tick. That's why I love writing about tech!  
[linkedin.com/in/aleksandra-spilkowska](https://linkedin.com/in/aleksandra-spilkowska)

Aleksandra Spilkowska

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Why do we perform software testing? To find defects. That is the simple, or even simplistic, answer. We want software to run smoothly in a production environment and perform as expected. Seems pretty straightforward, doesn't it? But it's always worth double-checking when quality is at stake! There are crucial steps in a software development life cycle (SDLC) that, if followed, make the product reliable and more well-rounded. Before moving on to the importance of testing, let's take a quick look at different them.



## Different types of software testing

Typically, if testing is implemented in the SDLC, it would be divided into several layers. The first would be unit tests which are usually simple and fast, as they are only performed on a small module (unit) or a portion of the code. The advantages are speed and simplicity, as the developers are quickly alerted if a unit test fails so that they can review the part of the code that does not work correctly. 

Once individual units have been created and tested, it's time to perform integrated testing, which tests their interfaces. Individual modules can then be combined and tested as a group. This layer of testing determines how larger parts of the software work together and how they interact with third-party tools or APIs, if applicable. It may be simple or quite complex, depending on the software itself. It is advantageous if several developers are working on different units or changes were made to one of them. 
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

The best practice is test along as more modules are created. If testing starts when the system is already practically integrated, and defects are found (and, let's face it - likely there are some), finding why and where they are in the software may be especially difficult due to the multitude of interactions and interfaces. 

Finally, [end-to-end testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/what-is-end-to-end-testing/) focuses on the performance and capabilities of the software as a whole, including the entirety of tasks it can do. The goal is to simulate what actual use would be like from start to finish. It validates the main, as well as the interconnected systems. 

Interaction accuracy is ensured at this stage to ensure consistent user experience across multiple platforms, devices, and environments. Moreover, end-to-end testing increases test coverage, which helps build confidence in the success of the testing process. 

That is extremely important nowadays, as software becomes increasingly complex, often relying on an intricate network of subsystems and layers. In such cases, the system's stability depends on its parts' functionality. The definite downside of this approach is the cost. The all-encompassing premise of end-to-end testing and the overall monitoring required make it an extremely time-consuming test method. Tracing a bug can take even more time if found at this point, and tracing its cause can take even more time. 

After this brief overview of layers of testing, let's move on to what particular advantages it may bring.

## Importance of software testing and advantages

In today's fast-paced technological landscape, [software testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/the-beginner-s-guide-to-software-testing-basics-types-and-methodologies/) has become an essential aspect of the software development process. It involves the evaluation of a software product or application to ensure that it meets the specified requirements, functions as intended, and is free of errors or bugs. In this section, we will explore the importance of software testing and the benefits of testing.

### Saving time and money 

Not only does money make the world go round, but it also tends to be one of the most important factors people consider when making decisions about purchasing or investing in developing software. If testing is neglected and there is a bug in the system (practically a certainty), it will need to go back to the developers to be fixed, which means more time and energy being put into the product. And, as the old aphorism says - time is money. Particularly in software development, more time undoubtedly equals extra cost. The faster the testing starts, the less likely it is possible that an evident defect will occur during end-to-end testing when it is considerably more expensive to fix. 


### Ensuring product quality 

Detecting defects and errors early dramatically reduces the risk of insufficient software quality. Naturally, the last thing one would want is for customers to find bugs in the software. Worse yet, the bugs can potentially make using the application – and thus making money on it – impossible. Testing, understood here as a synonym for quality assurance, relates to quality control through the SDLC and is meant to prevent such things. 

Testers can be involved in requirements reviews or clarifying user stories at the earliest stage. The stories help detect defects. Identifying and fixing these defects reduces the risk of producing incorrect or untestable software features. Close cooperation between testers and software developers at the design stage allows both parties to better understand the system design and how it should be tested. The better knowledge of the subject, the better the result. To ensure product quality, the tester must be aware of the risks of defects in the code and potential failures. 
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

### Managing risk 

Risk in software testing is the possibility of an event that would have undesirable consequences in the future. The risk level is determined by estimating the probability of such an event occurring and its potential negative results. Analyzing risk can be used to plan testing. The goal is to identify the areas that need more attention—focusing on those reduces the probability of an undesirable event occurring (or at least helps manage its impact). The risk-based testing approach contributes to risk mitigation and provides stakeholders with valuable information on identified risks. They may then decide if the issues need immediate attention. When such an analysis is performed early, it can contribute to the entire project's success. 


### Customer satisfaction 

Product quality is intrinsically linked to customer satisfaction. Banking on cheap products barely serving their purpose is a short-lived business strategy. Quality is the way for those who want to establish a reputable brand and attract loyal software users. 

Anyone who has ever managed a large-scale project can attest that assessing a client's needs may save a lot of headaches later. Some products must fulfil a set of requirements based on agreements, laws, norms, and standards. Proper verification helps ensure that. Checking that those requirements are met prevents putting potentially unusable software into the user's hands, which can later prove costly, not to mention the loss of intangible assets, such as the client's trust. In the long run, testing doesn't just prevent failures and helps establish the product as secure, reliable, and easy to use, subsequently attracting more clients. 


### Security 

Last but not least, testing makes the product more secure. For this reason, security testing is a crucial aspect of software testing. It is meant to find weaknesses and vulnerabilities in the software to protect it from potential threats. Why is that so important? First of all, people are more likely to use trusted products. Secondly, security failures can damage the company's image and income. 


As the existing laws in the European Union protect personal and sensitive data, uncontrolled leaks can result in millions in fines and penalties. Security testing should ensure that the identity of those with access to personal information is adequately verified. Data should be available, correct, and safe from accidental leaks and nefarious attacks. In extreme cases, security breaches can lead to the whole software not working, which can mean no business continuity and high revenue losses. Like most types of testing, finding a defect typically costs more if done later and even more (fines, loss of credibility, etc.) if done improperly or skipped altogether. 



## Conclusion 

Considering its crucial role in ensuring flawless system performance, testing should be considered a necessity, not just an option. The negative consequences of passing faulty software to users are evident. Apart from their base task of finding defects, tests also have an instrumental significance for the SDLC, as they may contribute to improving software quality as a whole.


Happy (automated) testing!

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Why is Software Testing Important?

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Testing is not typically the first thing that comes to mind when considering Scrum. Sure, the framework is usually adapted to work with software development processes, but testers may feel neglected.

The official Scrum Guide barely mentions [software testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/the-beginner-s-guide-to-software-testing-basics-types-and-methodologies/) or scrum testing, even though it is a crucial part of the Software Development Life Cycle. Considering a relative lack of sources on [agile testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/agile-testing-organized-chaos-or-a-planned-way-of-improving-your-software/), this article is, in a way, a venture on the uncharted seas as we explore how agile testing fits into Scrum methodology. 
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## What is Scrum? 

Scrum is a process framework designed to facilitate teamwork while managing projects. It can be used in any business where projects must be coordinated and planned, especially if immediate results are required.

It is often described as lightweight, as it has few elements. Some key roles, tools (known as artifacts), and meetings (called events or ceremonies) exist. The organization is simple because Scrum is meant to be uncomplicated and adaptative. 


## Difference between Agile and Scrum framework

Currently, Scrum is one of the most popular Agile frameworks, used primarily for managing software development. The key difference between Agile and Scrum is that the first is more of a project management philosophy. At the same time, the other is a specific framework that falls under the Agile umbrella and is used to practically improve workflow in a project. Effectively, it is a set of roles, tools, and meetings designed to help teams collectively manage their work. 


## Scrum Workflow 

The Scrum framework is based on dividing work into manageable, incremental releases, known as Sprints. Every Sprint lasts from one to four weeks. By the end of that time, a potentially shippable product had been created. "Potentially shippable" means meeting the acceptance criteria and definition of done. "Done" deliverables should work as expected. As mentioned before, the Sprint is loosely organized around the roles, artifacts, and ceremonies one must know about to understand the whole process. 

The three roles in Scrum process are: 

• **Product Owner** - a person who defines the features needed in the product and brings ideas to the table, 

• **Scrum Master** - a servant to the team, they are responsible for the process, running meetings, and generally keeping things going, 

• **Scrum Team Members** - consists of software developers, testers, technical writers, etc.. 


## Three scrum artifacts 

• **Product Backlog** - created by the Product Owner, it is a prioritized list of features, for example, User Stories, 

• **Sprint Backlog** - ranks User Stories, it is used to estimate and prioritize what needs to be done during the Sprint, contains requirements taken directly from the product backlog, 

• **The Increment** - the sum of the completed Product Backlog items during the current and all previous Sprints. 

The artifacts revolve mainly around User Stories, which serve to put oneself into the end user's shoes and anticipate their possible actions. User Stories are a set schema for this practice, containing one action each.

The schema goes as follows: as a [type of user], I need [the software to do a particular thing] so that [I can achieve my goal]. This practice may be beneficial for testers, who need to anticipate and test possible scenarios of the software's use. 


## Scrum events

• **Sprint Planning** - pretty self-explanatory - it is set up to discuss the User Stories and estimate their relative sizes.

• **Daily Scrum** - a brief stand-up meeting; the development team discusses what they have completed, what they are working on, and if they need any help in case they are stuck.

• **Sprint Review** - development team demonstrates the completed work to the Product Owner.

• **Sprint Retrospective** - discussion on what to improve on going forward. 

To summarize, Sprint's life cycle starts with the product backlog, from which the tasks are selected during Sprint Planning. Once the smaller Sprint Backlog is created, the Sprint itself is in full swing. During that time, everyone takes part in the daily stand-ups. They use the Burndown Chart to monitor progress.

After the Sprint is over, it's time for Sprint Retrospective to think about ways to improve future work. Lather, rinse, repeat. This cycle continues until the product is done, the budget is spent, or the project is closed. 
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Why is Scrum effective? 

Ultimately, is Scrum just the good old "planning one's work" under a new fancy name? Well, not really. The scrum framework is often set against traditional methods, such as the Waterfall approach. It means planning everything (or at least most) in a project up-front, followed by executing the pre-planned tasks.

Testing in Waterfall and most traditional methods is typically relegated to the end of the SDLC. This is not the best approach in a rapidly changing modern environment, especially for large-scale projects. There are several reasons: 

• Modern customers might require immediate results to see how the work progresses and if the product is worth supporting. A tested product has a better chance of making a good impression! 

• The customer's needs might change rapidly, or the vision of the product the team has created might prove to be ineffective or impossible to fulfil. In such a case, planning everything and testing only once the plan is completed might not be the best approach, as it would require all the work to be redone. 

• There might be a need to scale the project rapidly. Again, that would mean re-arranging the whole painstakingly prepared plan of action. 


## Adapting testing process in Scrum methodology

As for the practice of testing in Scrum, the main difference compared to the traditional methods is that instead of finding bugs and defects when the product is done, the Agile tester is supposed to find them along the way.

The second crucial change is that every team member is responsible for the quality (development and testing), not just the testing team. Let's see how it works in the sprint cycle. 

For Sprint Planning, the obvious first steps are picking which User Stories should be tested and estimating their complexity. To speed things up, it is essential to use project management tools. Let's use JIRA as an example.

In Sprint Planning, you may add a "testing" column between "code review" and "done" (even though Scrum doesn't include it). One of Agile's staples is prioritizing working in software over documentation, but that doesn't mean you can't add a "How to test?" text field to the User Story. This practice helps keep everything in one place and ensures transparency and simplified communication. 

Before any deliverables are made by the developers (usually during the first few days of the Sprint), the testers prepare test cases for each User Story. The rule of thumb is to test User Stories as soon as they are completed and appear in JIRA's "testing" column. If a bug is found, it goes into the Sprint and has to be retested as soon as it gets fixed. After the deliverable has been produced, the testers may also perform acceptance testing. 

Speed and adaptability are keys to success. That is why automatization, including [regression testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/everything-you-need-to-know-about-regression-testing/), is preferred over manual testing whenever possible. 

As for the Sprint Retrospective, it is so case-specific that it is the same for everyone - whatever your role is, at this point, your task is to reflect on the process, learn from mistakes and identify best practices for future Sprints. 
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Summary of Scrum testing

By focusing on small parts of the production process, Scrum gives immediate results. The product is easily scalable and adaptable to changes. That makes the process Agile in its most basic sense - as adaptable as possible to changing customer needs.

The framework can make sense when applied to testing a small part of the product (such as a deliverable created during one Sprint) because the sooner bugs are found, the more cost-effective the method is. 

As mentioned before, a potentially shippable product in Scrum means a tested product that can be safely put into the hands of the client. This is one of the most significant advantages of Scrum.

During the project's first week, a deliverable can already be written, tested, improved, retested, and released to the customer. This is a crucial advantage in the context of QA work in Scrum, as testing takes place from the first moments of the project instead of at the end. 

The flip side is that adapting to Scrum may take some time in itself, and it is bound to be a trial-and-error process for those accustomed to traditional methods. Therefore, before diving into Scrum, consider whether this is the right approach for your team and the software you want to build - and test.


Happy (automated) testing!

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Scrum Testing: QA on an Agile Team 

Ask any QA Engineer worth their salt about their Chrome extensions - they probably have a bunch of them ready to go at all times. And for a good reason! They can come in handy when you need to edit a screenshot, clear a browser cache, or test a website’s performance. Saving some clicks and double-checking for hidden issues means that a QA’s everyday life is much easier, and it leaves more time to focus on spotting all the bugs before the final product is released. Get ready to pimp your browser with some of the most useful Chrome extensions for testers!

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

## [Monosnap](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/monosnap/lhgadannddhdpkfhfjjgcpdjhpmjhkfm){rel="nofollow"}

![Monosnap](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/monosnap_a19cbb03a1.png)

A reliable recorder is a must-have in your virtual toolbelt. While most recorders are programs, Monosnap is an extension so there are extra advantages, especially if you tend to switch between devices a lot. You can capture a GIF or a video, a selected area of the screen, and of course a fullscreen. There is also a set of basic editing features such as drawing, creating marks, highlighting details, or hiding sensitive data. No watermark in sight! Monosnap works with both Windows and iOS.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## [Clear cache](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/clear-cache/cppjkneekbjaeellbfkmgnhonkkjfpdn?hl=en){rel="nofollow"}

![Clear Cache](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/clearcache_ec20bd645f.png)

It does just what the name promises: clears your cache and browsing data. What's the catch? There isn't any! You can do it all with a single click. This extension allows you to choose how much data you want to clear and from which domains you want the cookies removed. Neat!

## [Bug Magnet](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/bug-magnet/efhedldbjahpgjcneebmbolkalbhckfi){rel="nofollow"}

![Bug Magnet](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/bugmagnet_115b949485.png)

For many, this is a go-to extension for exploratory testing. Will it do all the work for you? Unfortunately, the answer is no, but it sure helps a lot. This exploratory testing assistant will offer you access to common boundaries and edge cases. It works on input fields, text areas, content editable DIVs, and more. This means that you don’t need to rack your brain to think of an email, postcode, or address anymore, Following selection of the value, Bug Magnet fills in the field you need. It’s an open-source solution and you can customize it to your liking.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## [PerfectPixel](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/perfectpixel-by-welldonec/dkaagdgjmgdmbnecmcefdhjekcoceebi){rel="nofollow"}

![Perfect Pixel](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/perfectpixel_6d7ba283bd.png)

This extension is very convenient for frontend testing, especially when there is a need to compare a website design with frontend changes. It adds a semi-transparent overlay over the top of the developed HTML to make it perfect - down to the last pixel. The position, size, and opacity level are no longer your enemies with this handy extension.

## [Web Developer](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/web-developer/bfbameneiokkgbdmiekhjnmfkcnldhhm){rel="nofollow"}

![WebDeveloper](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/webdeveloper_827b9ef3f7.png)

The Swiss Army knife of web developing tools, this extension will equip your browser with a toolbar full of functional items. Cookies? Managed. Information? Anchored. Web elements? Highlighted. CSS? Edited. Forms? Populated. Of course, some tools work better than others, and you aren’t going to use all of them equally, just like with a real Swiss Army knife (fish scaler, anyone?) but it’s still a quite useful quality multitool.

## [Lighthouse](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/lighthouse/blipmdconlkpinefehnmjammfjpmpbjk?hl=en){rel="nofollow"}

![LightHouse](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/lighthouse_f51d97d7ce.png)

Yet another multi-use extension, it runs overall non-functional tests on websites. The metrics you can audit are performance, SEO, best practices, accessibility, PWA (Progressive Web Application). Lighthouse auto-generates a clear, simple report which lets you know how well your website performs for an average user. The audit will instantly highlight the areas that need improvement and will give you a general overview of the website’s functionality.  
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## [Postman Interceptor](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/postman-interceptor/aicmkgpgakddgnaphhhpliifpcfhicfo?hl=en){rel="nofollow"}

![Postman Interceptor](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/postman_interceptor_a0d0b62ce1.png)

Assuming you have heard of Postman (if you haven’t, [go check it out now](https://www.postman.com/){rel="nofollow"}!), you might be interested in further improving the workload with this practical extension. The Interceptor sends requests which use browser cookies to the Postman app without using a proxy. This is an advantage for testing APIs, as Interceptor makes it possible to send headers (typically restricted by Chrome).

## [SelectorsHub](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/selectorshub-xpath-plugin/ndgimibanhlabgdgjcpbbndiehljcpfh){rel="nofollow"}

![SelectorsHub](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/selectors_hub_624439475b.png)

Whether you’re a seasoned tester or just starting your journey, this extension can be a worthy addition to your collection. SelectorsHub is easily the top-rated XPath & cssSelector plugin available now, and it lives up to the hype. It helps write and verify XPath and cssSelector in less than 5 seconds, auto-suggests attributes, text, etc. SelectorsHub not only supports the iframe and the SVG elements, it is also the only extension supporting shadowDOM (at least for now). And if you value a proper error message, you’ll get one for missing elements in the selectors. This impressive extension is indispensable not just in test automation but also to users of codeless, smart testing tools.

## Summary

That’s it! We hope you have enjoyed our pick. Of course, this list is in no way comprehensive, as new extensions are added to the Chrome web store all the time. While the choice might initially seem overwhelming, it is highly recommended to checkout various extensions and find the ones that suit your needs best. Hopefully, this article will be a good starting point for these explorations!


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Best Chrome Extensions for Software Testers

Reliable, modern end-to-end test automation tool that improves testers’ and developers’ work.


Before you release your product into the market, it is extremely important to properly test whether it’s functioning as intended. To do that, software developers utilize a variety of testing techniques that verify the software’s integrity. To thoroughly check their software from start to finish, developers implement **End-to-End testing**, often simply called **E2E** testing – an elaborate technique that mimics end user experience. 

There are many layers to End to End testing, as it is one of the most complex testing methods. This type of testing involves testing every part of your software that the end-user interacts with in any imaginable way.

With this guide, we want to show you the importance of E2E tests, as well as tell you precisely what they are, including a few specific examples.

**Also see:** if you're new to software automation, take a look at this [beginner's guide to automation with step-by-step screenshots](https://docs.bugbug.io/in-depth-guides/beginners-tutorial-to-automation-testing).

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## What exactly is End-to-End testing?

**End-to-End testing** is one of the most useful and informative techniques for software testing, providing valuable data about the inner workings of the program from the end-user perspective. With E2E testing, developers can thoroughly verify the behaviour of their software. During the test, you will be trying to replicate key user behaviour scenarios when using your software. The actual list of things to do varies, depending on the type of software you’re testing – but in all cases, it is rather extensive.

When performing a software testing method, like an End-to-End test on a web application, you would start with opening your browser and navigating to the proper URL, and then proceeding to use the software as intended for the end-user.

Similarly, in the case of a regular desktop application or mobile application, you would open the app just like a user would, checking out every bit of functionality that is intended for the users to work with. Keep in mind that during E2E testing you won’t need to check developer-specific aspects of the software, only the end-user perspective if it is important to you.

## End-to-End test goals

During an E2E test, your goal is to verify all of the dependencies and data integrity that directly or indirectly influence the reception of the software by the end-user. This usually includes any external services, as well as databases used by the software and metrics, as well as any other system dependencies. 

E2E tests will ideally be performed in the production environment, but this isn’t always possible. The tests can, of course, be performed in an independent End-to-End testing environment, but you should make sure it is as close to the production environment as possible.

Within the SDLC process, E2E tests are performed in the Testing phase, which is situated after Coding and before Deployment. 
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Why is End-to-End testing important?

Is End-to-End testing necessary? It is true that more and more developers make sure to implement an E2E testing phase before the final deployment of their software. There are many benefits to E2E tests, but the most crucial ones are:

- The ability to verify software performance from the end-user perspective
- Testing verifies not only the software itself but also any interrelated sub systems, increasing test coverage
- Validation of back-end systems
- Immediate end-user-like feedback on test failing

While tests such as unit testing or integration testing are very useful (functional testing), allowing you to verify the working of each component and providing quick results, they don’t give you the whole picture. By not performing E2E tests, you won’t know how the experience of using your software will look like from the end-user perspective.

For example, individual component testing (integration tests) might show promising results and full functionality. However, when combined, something goes wrong and produces a bug. By only checking individual components, you wouldn’t be able to find out about the bug. 

With a proper End-to-End test, you can verify whether everything works correctly together as it should. Even integration testing doesn’t cover all of the system components of your software, and you might never know whether every aspect of your app clicks together.

E2E testing doesn’t necessarily have to discover bugs – it can also give you useful insight into the user scenario of your product. Overall, all types of tests play their respective roles in the whole vertical end-to-end testing process (differently to horizontal end-to-end tests). Just because E2E tests give you a more complex understanding of your software as a whole doesn’t mean that other test types are less valuable. 

Before releasing your app, always make sure to proceed with a thought-through testing strategy. However, while they’re certainly extremely useful, keep in mind that E2E tests occupy the top of the testing pyramid, making them the most expensive and most difficult to perform.

End-to-End testing is also one of the few functional types of tests that can be performed manually, as well as automated - which is done especially often in Continuous Integration. In such a scenario, a chosen set of tests can be run automatically each time a new iteration is uploaded to the testing server.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Benefits of end-to-end testing

One of the goals of this software testing technique is to simulate the end-user's perspective. This means that this type of testing helps to verify not only the security or performance, but the business aspect as well. It will check whether the software collects and processes data as it was designed to do. End-to-end testing is essential for a comprehensive validation of your product. This testing ensures that all integrated parts of the application work together as expected.

Another purpose of E2E testing is to mitigate risks. E2E testing verifies if the software is ready for deployment. The confidence in stability is a crucial factor which the stakeholders consider while approving the next release. 

There are obviously much more obvious benefits of this form of testing (like bug fixing or testing across different user scenarios), but we described them already in this article.

## End-to-End Testing Framework

Alright, so now you know what End-to-End testing is – but how to exactly implement it? There is a wide variety of checks and individual tests that must be covered by your end-to-end testing plan, some of which include:

- Establishing test requirements in the preparation phase (including software and hardware requirements)
- Creating proper documentation
- Deciding what type of test environment will be used (production environment or independent test environment)
- Preparation of test cases and general E2E design
- Tracking of data input and output
- Test execution and evaluation

When executing E2E testing methods, developers usually follow an established E2E testing framework that guides you throughout the process, enumerating various tasks and responsibilities. The framework is relatively simple and consists of only three elements:

### Establish user functions

The User Functions relates to listing the features of your software, as well as all of its interconnected software systems. To properly measure and test software functionality, you need to first think about what you’re going to test. After you’re finished with listing user functions, remember to record everything relevant to each of them, including both the input and output data. Since E2E testing can be considered holistic, you also need to pay attention to all of the relations between every individual function – how they work together and whether there are any clashes.

### Come up with specific conditions

Now that you have established the user functions you’re going to test, you need to think about the testing conditions. Try to come up with as many quantifiable indicators that can be measured for each of the functions. These can range from response time to consistency of data flow, to simple convenience of use. Remember – you’re trying to imagine yourself as an end-user, so try to keep track of anything that might be an issue for a non-developer.

### Create individual test cases

Finally, before the E2E testing can commence, you need to prepare specific test cases for each of the conditions. At this point, you have prepared a list of user functions to test, as well as data conditions that will be measured during the test. Now, you need to create at least one test case for each of the conditions. By test cases, we mean user scenarios during which specific indicators will be able to be measured.

And by test case preparation status, we mean the precise location of the test instances being developed, as compared to intended test cases.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## End-to-end test cases for your testing process

Congratulations, you’ve almost reached the end! At this point, you should pretty much be a walking fountain of knowledge about End-to-End tests. However, the raw theory is one thing, and implementing those types of tests for system testing in reality is another. To make the process a bit more digestible, consider this End-to-End testing example for a website with shopping functionality:

- Go to the specified URL
- Open a list of products
- Check whether the information on the list correlates with specific product pages
- Try to add the product to the cart and look for visible confirmation
- Navigate to the cart and check whether the product has been successfully added
- Double-check all of the relevant information (price, product info, etc.)
- Proceed with the check-out and verify payment options integration

See how simple it is in the end? Now you can implement E2E testing methodology in your software to ensure better end-user reception, increase your product quality, and build a positive brand image.

This is just a high level example. If you would like to learn how to create a proper test case from start to end, please check out our article on [test case creation](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/how-to-write-automation-test-cases/). You will have a better understanding on how to design test cases for manual and automatic testing. Also check out our other topics in our testing guide. 

## End to End testing tools

Proper tools may play a crucial role in reducing your effort by automating your end-to-end tests. These tools provide a range of features and capabilities to support horizontal testing and vertical testing of the entire system. They allow testers to perform comprehensive testing processes. Choosing a proper tool for testing is typically a long-term investment. If you research and choose a tool that will enable you to execute and record complex user scenarios and allow testing across multiple technologies, your job will be way easier. 

One of the tools that meet such requirements is BugBug. This automated testing tool proved its efficiency for many clients. On the picture below you might see how many steps might an end-to-end scenario actually have.

![n example of a passed test with a proper output statement.](https://bugbug-homepage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/88bc1d9e_16f8_4e1a_b33d_15e2a8d17cdf_cdfc84abfc.webp)

## Summary

End-to-end testing is a type of testing that focuses on validating the whole system from start to finish rather then testing individual functionalities. It is often seen as a software testing methodology, but it is not the case. It may be a part of a methodology (i.e. Agile testing) but it is by definition a type of software testing. 

Performing end-to-end testing covers an important task of checking data flows and focuses on testing if any functional gaps occur. This type of testing is necessary to verify if the software is ready for the next release cycle.

## Frequently Asked Questions

1. **What is automated testing?** \
Automated testing in software development is a form of software testing that uses the execution of predefined sets of operations to probe and validate the software system. The fundamental purpose of automation testing in software development is to generate objective feedback about the quality of the product. One such testing tool is Selenium. It can run UI tests. The ideal situation is to run E2E tests with both manual testing and automated testing approaches. If your application has a lot of complicated user interfaces, you'll need more end-to-end testing.

2. **What is software development lifecycle?** \
Software development lifecycle (SDLC) is the process used by developers to create, deploy and maintain software. This process includes several steps that are all closely connected with one another. These steps include requirements gathering, analysis and design, coding and testing.

3. **What is a testing pyramid?** \
In software development projects, we have limited time and resources. This is why it's important to consider our test efforts carefully and find the right balance between different types of testing. Basically, there are 3 layers in the testing pyramid: Unit Tests, Integration Tests, and E2E Tests.

3. **What is a selector?** \
A selector is a small piece of code that describes a specific button in your app. It allows you to clearly define what should be clicked in automated end-to-end tests. You can learn more about selectors using [this interactive XPath learning tool](https://bugbug.io/xpath-selector-builder/?ref=blogarticle)



Happy (automated) testing!


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What is End-to-End (E2E) Testing?

Professional Quality Evangelist, experienced in testing web and mobile applications.  
[linkedin.com/in/kinga-witko-b5bba659/](https://linkedin.com/in/kinga-witko-b5bba659/)

Kinga Witko

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

The term “shift left” expresses movement. It can describe the movement of an entire team or individuals.
What does it do in a project or an entire development lifecycle? Putting it simply,  it reflects the position of testing on a timeline. 

**Shift Left means testing earlier in the development process.** It also means repositioning the engagement, development, and testing efforts towards the customer.


Typically, in a traditional (waterfall) model of software making, testing lands at the end of the pipeline or is one of the last phases of the process. Bringing testing at the very last stage usually causes many problems such as:

- delays in the deployment
- a lot of bugs at the end of the development lifecycle
- bugs discovered just before or after the release to production
- lack of collaboration between developers and testers through the entire process.

Poor software quality is one of the most harmful consequences of all of these pains listed above.

At first, the team members do not communicate with each other and they fail to communicate the problems early. 

It must not necessarily be a bug; sometimes there is some issue with the application setup, there is no testing environment, access to certain resources (such as specific tooling or external software providers), the task description is vague, or the team setup is incorrect. 

If communicated and fixed earlier, the entire process can be smoother and cause less frustration in the team. It also encourages people to focus more on the code quality and to deliver earlier and faster.

Most of those issues can be avoided by changing the style of working and shifting testing efforts at the beginning of the process.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Agile way of working

If you care about the quality of your product, your mindset has probably shifted left already.

This approach is strongly connected with the agile way of thinking and using agile work methods in software projects.


In this setup, testing is an integrated part of the team and accelerates software development at higher quality. As a result, testers can identify bugs sooner, saving time and effort. Notably, the earlier you test, the less expensive bugs are to fix.


[T The Seven Testing Principles (ISTQB)](https://www.istqb.org/downloads/syllabi/foundation-level-syllabus.html) tell that testing everything is not possible unless a system or functionality is very simple. In practice, however,  the testing efforts should be targeted appropriately at the risk analysis, techniques, and bugs prioritization rather than be attempted thorough testing. 


One of the good methods of approaching testing strategy for a specific application can be the guideline from [Agile Testing Quadrants](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/agile-testing-quadrants/). The quadrants are a taxonomy to help teams plan the testing process and testing activities and make sure they have all the resources they need to accomplish it.


## Shift Left approach and DevOps and agile background

With the rise of the DevOps movement, there is an increased focus on delivering automated, continuous improvement. It holds true for development and testing alike.

What is more, Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Delivery (CD) are core software development disciplines integrated into the agile software development cycle. The point is to release fully-tested and stable builds early and as often as possible. Development, delivery, and test automation are crucial components of this process. 

## What it means to “Shift Left”

As mentioned at the beginning, Shift Left testing pushes testing to the “left”, to the earlier stages in the pipeline. This improves software quality and reduces time spent on resolving issues later in the pipeline.

Introducing testing early on the “left-side” of the development process, starting with unit tests and complementing with functional and integration tests is fundamental to making CI/CD happen. But that may not be enough.

The team can go even further: to eliminate unclear and contradicting requirements and improve the end-user experience, it is best to involve test engineers in the clarifying and prioritising application requirements. Test engineers can check the available or newly created requirements or user stories for clarity, consistency, testability, and traceability.

This also improves the shift towards client happiness. An early review of the requirements and spotting the flaws marks an early start of the communication with the end-user. 

The Shift Left approach introduces more care and thought exchange concerning the client. The team can be perceived as more proactive and more dedicated to the best quality standards of a project.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Benefits of Shift Left Testing for Agile and Devops teams

Agile teams benefit most from Shift Left Testing in terms of clearer specifications, smoother implementations, earlier testing, and reduced costs. However, Shift Right Testing has more benefits like the ability to incorporate user and system feedback based on real usage scenarios. 

In opposition to testing early, Shift Right can provide an additional context to the testing scenarios. Shifting right means testing at the end of the process, typically when the software is deployed to production (the post-production environment). 

It is performed by a group of experts or selected end-users. It can utilize testing methods such as API Monitoring, using Feature Toggles, or measuring the performance of a live application. 

This helps to understand the application better and discover some other flaws that could have been omitted earlier.

Nevertheless, when quality comes first:

- developers spend more time on coding because they discuss potentially good solutions - they do not investigate who pushes the code first into production without testing

- there are Unit Tests beside the application code, available and maintainable

- there is an infrastructure that allows testing before pushing to production, usually the entire team is responsible for the process health

- there is room for improvement and mistakes

- developers pair up to catch obvious errors on the fly and learn from one another

- teams estimate tasks together, taking quality and risks into account

- potential risks in the systems are spotted and minimized rather than left alone

And finally - the application is tested - not only by one automated or manual test  but by a set of different functional and non-functional scenarios. 

The tests are regularly reviewed, adjusted, and observed. This approach introduces a new way of working and highlights the value of testing.


## Benefits of the Shift-Left Testing approach

The idea of shift left testing is simple to understand but hard to implement in the development cycle. It is worth the effort though, especially when the team and the entire organization understands the main benefits of this approach, such as:

- Lower costs - as explained above, bugs detected earlier are less expensive to fix.

- Increased efficiency in the software development process.

- Improved product quality and reliability because more bugs are detected at earlier stages.

- Reduced time to market since the QA process covers the entire development cycle, not only its’ last phase.

- A competitive advantage gained by letting development teams move fast, build and defend their credibility by innovating in iterations.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


## Get started with “Shift Left” Testing in Agile

How to approach the change and switch to early software testing? Here is the basic list: 


1. **Plan**

Shape development in a way that is friendly to Shift Left testing. Once the requirements have been established, developers and testers should ideate how to shape the coding and software testing as early as possible. 


Depending on the product expectations as well as the limitations of the team, specific strategies, such as involving testers in the project since the planning phase or using the TDD approach, might have to be crafted to accommodate the Shift Left way of working.


2.** Review the requirements**

It is best to verify not only the existing code but also all the requirements necessary for the code to be written. Early verification can spot obvious mistakes.


3. **Use Static Code Analysis**

Static code analysis is the practice of checking the code without executing it. It runs through the basic code structure and ensures that the code is aligned with many standards and guidelines. By following the approach the team can early detect:

- Programming errors

- Violations of commonly followed coding standards

- Syntax anomalies

- Security issues

A static code analysis is best done via automation. The software should scan all untested codes in a project before it moves to the test phase.

4. **Collaborate**

As in any other [agile testing](https://bugbug.io/blog/software-testing/agile-testing-organized-chaos-or-a-planned-way-of-improving-your-software/) technique - early software testing requires a lot of collaboration with the team: Developers, Product Managers, Business Analysts, and other stakeholders responsible for the overall product. 

Everybody needs to understand the value of the Shift Left approach and spot the difference after some time of the new process introduction because as a result, the client benefits from better software quality and receives a lovable product.

## Conclusion for Left Shift Testing in test automation

There are a number of benefits to left shift testing in test automation. One of the primary benefits is that it helps to identify defects earlier in the development cycle. This means that defects can be caught and addressed before they become more complex and costly to fix. In addition, left shift testing can help to reduce the overall time and effort required for testing by identifying and addressing issues earlier in the process.

Another benefit of left shift testing in test automation is that it can help to improve the quality of the software being developed. By identifying and addressing defects earlier in the process, developers can ensure that the software they are creating is of higher quality and meets the requirements of the end-users.
->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-


One of the keys to successful left shift testing in test automation is to incorporate testing into the development process **from the very beginning**. This means that testing is not an afterthought or an additional step at the end of the development process, but rather an integral part of the development process itself. Test automation tools and frameworks can be used to automate testing activities and make it easier to incorporate testing into the development process.

It is also important to involve testers in the development process as early as possible. This allows them to provide feedback and identify potential issues before they become more complex and difficult to fix. Testers can also work with developers to ensure that the code being developed is testable, and that the testing process is efficient and effective.

Overall, **left shift testing is an important approach in test automation that can help to improve the quality of software, reduce testing time and effort, and identify defects earlier in the development process**. By incorporating testing into the development process from the very beginning, developers and testers can work together to create software that is of higher quality and meets the needs of the end-users.

Happy (automated) testing!

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Shift Left Testing Explained

Guides to Test Automation

Software developer currently working as a tech writer and PM.  
[linkedin.com/in/marcin-%C5%82ojewski-a4191518/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/marcin-%C5%82ojewski-a4191518/)

Marcin Łojewski

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Testing Tools for Web Application - The Ultimate Guide 2023

Testing is an ever-present part of a software developer’s job, performed at every stage of the production process. There is a wide range of test types used for software testing, some performed at various points during production, and some performed after production to confirm that the software functions as intended.

Regression testing is performed on a product that has already been finished and released. How exactly is it performed? What are the objectives and how does the procedure look? If you’re keen to find out, keep on reading as we explain everything you should know about regression testing.

[TABLE_OF_CONTENTS]

## The definition of Regression Testing

**Regression testing** is a software testing method that aims to investigate and locate any possible flaws or bugs in software that has already been fully developed. Regression Testing is performed to find out whether your software has regressed (surprise, surprise) as you continue introducing new updates and bug fixes. Whenever a piece of software is changed in any way, new bugs might emerge and some of the older ones re-emerge.

Most often, regression testing is performed immediately after introducing a new update, but it isn’t the only factor that might call for the test. If any software or hardware-related factor has changed, regression testing should be committed to find out whether everything performs as it has before the change. 

This can include any sort of bug fixes and software changes, but regression might also be caused by hardware configuration changes and electronic component degradation over time. Regression testing isn’t easy – it requires cooperation and diligence out of all of the team members, which makes it perfect for agile software development practices.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Regression Testing process

As with most testing efforts regression testing is an art rather than science. Let us describe the regression testing process that our development team uses. You may then use and adapt it to your existing test strategy. As regression testing is a type of testing that occurs whenever any change in your software occurs, the smartest way to start is to..

### Identify code changes

This will allow you to asses the number of test cases for regression testing that will need to be created. The testing team will need information on the impact that the current changes may have on the whole application. This is done also during this step.

### Prioritize changes

You finished step one with a list. Now you need to create a queue out of it. By proper prioritizing the changes in your software application you reduce the amount of time you will use on 

### Select for re-run

This is the part where the selection of test cases is performed. After the first test is done, test cases are categorized into reusable and obsolete ones. The reusable ones create a regression test suite. The others are will not be used for regression. 

### Categorize manual and automated regression test cases

Here is where the test automation actually begins. Test cases that occur more often within one process are perfect candidates to for the automation tool to do the work for you. If you want to automate tests in a fast and efficient way, try BugBug as your tool for regression testing. You will soon find out that it is great to reduce regression testing costs.

### Prioritize test cases

Here is where regression testing becomes a tad tricky. One would think, that the most often occurring test cases should have the biggest priority, right? Well the theory on that one is a tad different. The need for regression testing, therefor the priority, is the highest for those cases, that cover all essential features. The lowest on the other hand are stated as "technical complexities". 

### Plan and execute

This one is rather obvious, but we have to put it here. After doing all the analysis, you have to plan when regression testing is done and "push the execute button". 

## Regression Testing techniques

Regression testing can include various functional and non-functional tests in its process to thoroughly investigate the software in search of flaws. There are also many techniques with which developers and QA specialists perform regression testing, including:

- Retest All
- Regression Test Selection
- Test Case Prioritization
- Hybrid approach

### Retest All – an accurate yet expensive solution

**The Retest All ** technique is the most accurate and all-around method of regression testing, but it is also the most expensive one. In Retest All, every test case is checked again on the software to confirm if all of its parts are working as intended. That’s all there is to Retest All – it might be simple in definition, but it is definitely the hardest and most costly technique to actually perform.

### Regression Test Selection – when you realize you might not have enough for a Retest All

**Regression Test Selection** has been designed as a solution to the expensive nature of the Retest All technique. In RTS we don’t run all of the tests in our test suite, but instead we divide all of the tests into three categories – reusable test cases, retestable test cases, and obsolete test cases. In addition, RTS might actually create new test cases that haven’t been in the suite before, but might be relevant for regression tests.

If you’re interested in finding out more about regression testing examples, we recommend taking a look at Understanding Regression Testing Techniques by Gaurav Duggal and Bharti Suri. The authors further divide RTS techniques, naming two most important categories – coverage techniques and minimization techniques, and explain what are safe techniques.

**Coverage techniques** feature specific coverage criteria, often provided by the client who wants their software regression tested. These techniques sift through all test cases, selecting only the ones that are relevant for the covered parts of your software. **Minimization techniques** work in a way similar to coverage techniques, but instead of selecting cases based on set criteria, you select a minimum set of cases that you think will do the job.

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

### Test Case Prioritization – a rational approach

**Test Case Prioritization** aims to maximize the rate of fault detection, creating the most thorough regression test for the lowest cost. First you prioritize the test cases one by one. Then all of them are performed in order, starting from the most important one and finishing on the least important one. Thanks to that, even if your resources aren’t enough to perform all of the tests in your suite, you will still perform the ones that should detect the most flaws.

**TSP** might be performed in two ways – the first one, called **General Prioritization**, selects test cases that should be effective (on average) on all versions of the software you’re working with. The other way, called Version Specific **Prioritization**, only takes into account a specific version of the software, without considering other existing or potential future versions.

### Hybrid approach – the best of both worlds

When choosing one technique of regression testing is impossible – why not combine the best features of Regression Test Selection and Test Case Prioritization? 

The hybrid approach is still being developed, and every researcher gives a personal spin on the idea. Since there isn’t an exact definition of what a hybrid approach actually is, there are tons of versions available – each one with its own upsides and downsides.

## Regression Testing tools

Regression testing ensures that each version of your software runs smoothly. We have described various regression testing techniques, but our article would not be complete without a few hints of what tool to use for proper test execution. 

Regression testing is used on an incremented basis. Each release of your software means building another layer of an already high pile of multiple regression test cases. A good tool will allow you to perform regression tests without writing a single line of code. 

If you want a specific list of tools, please redirect to our article [HERE](https://bugbug.io/blog/guides/testing-tools-for-web-application/).

->[Automate your tests for free](https://app.bugbug.io/sign-up/){.markdown-cta}<-

## Disadvantages of regression testing

Well now that's a shocker isn't it? We have many articles on testing in the BugBug blog, and never have I ever wrote anything negative about testing. Until now. We found four "buts" on regression testing and we tried to tackle them immediately.

- "but regression testing is time consuming" - yes, but only if you only perform a manual test, this is why selecting a good testing tool is essential
- "but you have to do it after even the smallest patch" - yes, but this is why you build a good regression cycle. You store all the recurring tests and only build a few on top of them for that given patch. It is like CI/CD for your testing process
- "but that process might interfere with the sprint planning" - only if you do regression tests without automation. Think of it from a business perspective - would you have a task that goes cross-sprint or a large bug in the production environment?
- "but it is difficult, to write those test cases" - ah, an oldie but a goodie. There are great no-code regression testing tools. Those might be used not only by QA or other technical personnel but by a PM. Such a person would be even able to automate the test or record and recreate it. 

Regression testing is one of the key ways to have your code thoroughly checked and ready to start earning you money!

## Conclusion – is Regression Testing necessary?

As you have already learned, regression testing plays a key role in keeping the quality of your software as high as possible for as long as possible. Updates and changes to your software might introduce new problems, which is exactly why regression testing is so important – to keep user experience high throughout all iterations of your program.

Not all projects require regression testing, of course. In projects that are already finished and won’t be further updated, regression testing is mostly irrelevant. However, if you are planning to continue development further – never forget to properly regression test your software before releasing an update.


Happy (automated) testing!

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What is Regression Testing? Everything You Need To Know

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